Which of the following statements expresses a relationship between aging and sexual functioning,Aging is related to an increase in vaginal lubrication,Aging is associated with an increase in the frequency and number of orgasmic contractions in both sexes,There is no significant relationship between aging and sexual responses in either sex,Aging is related to some loss of erectile rigidity in the male,D
"According to Piaget, children are ___________.",“Blank slates”,Less intelligent than adults,“Little scientists”,Shaped by culture,C
"If a test has a standard error of measurement of 15 points, itis correct to conclude that",about 68% of the observed scores for the test population lie within 15 points of the mean score,about 68% of the individuals with a given cure score will have observed scores within 15 points of the true score,"about 15% of the scores are in error (i.e., they are not measuring the trait reliably)",differences of up to 30 points represent the same true score,B
Any substance that can have a negative impact on fetal development is ___________.,An Apgar,A teratogen,Only a problem in the first 6 weeks,A controlled substance,B
"If you were hired by a large company to develop a new training program, your first step would probably be to conduct a:",needs analysis.,job evaluation.,summative evaluation.,formative evaluation.,A
Practitioners of Gestalt psychotherapy consider a client’s desire to talk about his/her past as:,a useful strategy for helping the client understand the present.,a way for the client to avoid coming to terms with the present.,"""the """"second layer"""" of therapy.""","""a way for achieving """"closure"""" near the end of therapy.""",B
"In regard to memory, aging is most closely associated with a decline in",the efficiency of controlled memory processes,"metamemory skills, or knowledge about memory",recognition memory,the amount of factual memory knowledge available,A
"A 66-year-old client who is depressed, has rhythmic hand movements, and has a flattened affect is probably suffering from",Parkinson's disease,Vascular Dementia,a right frontal lobe tumor,Alzheimer's disease,A
"One Friday afternoon, just before leaving on a weekend tip, a psychologist receives a call from a therapy client who claims to have taken an overdose of pills in a suicide attempt. The psychologist: tells the client to call a physician immediately and to come in at 9:00 A.M. on Monday for a session. The psychologist makes no other attempt to intervene, and the client dies later that evening without making any other calls for assistance. In this situation, the psychologist's behavior was clearly","unethical, because the client's needs were not addressed more directly","unethical, because the psychologist should have delayed the trip and given the client an appointment for that afternoon","unethical, because the psychologist should have called a physician directly","ethical, because it was not possible to determine whether or not the client was being manipulative",A
A family therapist using the structural approach of Salvador Minuchin would most likely:,clarify boundaries between family members in order to reduce enmeshment.,work initially with the most differentiated family member.,"""use a multiple-therapist team to prevent any one therapist from becoming """"triangulated"""" into the family system.""","""issue specific """"directives"""" designed to counteract dysfunctional processes.""",A
"A researcher interested in examining the potential impact of parent alcoholism on child and family development recruits 12-year-olds (n = 100), 13-year-olds (n = 100), and 14-year-olds (n = 100)—half of whom have an alcoholic parent and half of whom do not—into a multiple-year longitudinal study assessing various outcomes. This study is best characterized as:",A true experiment,A cross-sequential cohort design,A natural experiment,A cross-sectional cohort design,B
Focal damage to the portion of the left frontal lobe known as Broca's area is likely to impair,recall of words,verbal comprehension,verbal learning,production of speech,D
"According to Gerald Patterson and his colleagues (1992), which of the following is a key contributor to aggressive behavior in children?",the child’s intelligence.,the child’s “basic personality.”,the strength of the parent-child attachment.,the parents’ childrearing behaviors,D
A person who received a Level 4 rating on the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning:,is nonresponsive to visual or auditory stimuli and seems to be in a state of deep sleep.,"is confused and incoherent, may exhibit bizarre behavior, and is unable to care for him/herself.","is alert and oriented and can remember and integrate remote and recent events but may have some impairment in judgment, planning, and abstract reasoning.","is functioning at an intellectual level that is superior for his/her age, education, and demographic background.",B
A psychologist who already has an established therapeutic relationship with a child is asked to act as an expert witness in a divorce proceeding involving custody of the child. The psychologist's best course of action would be to:,decline the request to testify.,agree to testify only if she obtains consent from both parents.,agree to testify only if she can evaluate all of the involved parties.,agree to testify only if her familiarity with the child won''t bias her testimony.,A
"Motivation is a complex process involving weighing alternatives, costs, and benefits. From your knowledge about GOAL-SETTING THEORY, which one out of the following statements is incorrect?",goals serve 2 purposes: they are a basis for motivation and they direct behaviors,goal attainment is maximized when goals are specific and highly difficult,goal attainment is maximized when frequent feedback is given,worker participation in goal-setting is also good,B
"The STATISTICS are a method of measuring variables and organizing and analyzing data statistical method can be descriptive or inferential and have a scale of measurement. From your knowledge about statistics measurement, what is the RATIO DATA?",Ratio Data is scaled and at equal distances but no absolute zero,"Ratio Data orders the amount of variable, but no info about how much",Ratio Data is an interval data with an absolute zero,Ratio Data divides variables into unordered categories,C
"Aronson and Mills examined the effects severity of initiation into a group on subsequent attitudes toward the group. Results of their study indicated that, compared to women who underwent a mild initiation, women who underwent a severe initiation as a precondition of group membership:",rated the group as less interesting and enjoyable.,rated the group as more interesting and enjoyable.,were more likely to drop out of the group.,were more likely to dislike fellow group members.,B
"A graduate student’s dissertation chair, Dr. X, turns out to be of little help, and the student ends up obtaining advice and assistance from an associate professor, Dr. Z. Dr. X does review the dissertation when it is completed and she is listed as the dissertation chair. Several months later, the student decides to write an article for a professional journal that is based his dissertation research. In terms of publication credit:",Dr. Z should be listed as first author if her contribution was substantial.,Dr. Z should be listed as second author if her contribution warrants it.,Dr. X should be listed as second author since she was the student’s official dissertation chair.,Dr. Y and Dr. Z should be listed as co-authors.,B
The TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL OF CHANGE was originally developed to treat addictive behaviors and 5 stages people pass through in the process of change. Which stage is correctly defined?,PRECONTEMPLATION: intend to take action in next 6 months,PREPARATION: consider change in next 6 months,ACTION: time and effort into modifying behavior,MAINTENANCE: behavior change lasted at least 8 months,C
"When a psychologist doesn’t feel he or she is competent to accept a case, the most justifiable option is to:",Try his or her best,Refer out,Read a chapter on the issue,Charge the client less,B
A personnel director decides to raise a selection test’s cutoff score when using the test to assist in hiring decisions. Most likely the personnel director has made this decision in order to:,increase the number of true positives.,decrease the number of false positives.,increase the number of false negatives.,decrease the number of true negatives.,B
"Dr. Jones, a clinical psychologist, has been seeing Lisa L. in therapy for one month. Dr. Jones considers Lisa to be a very attractive woman and finds himself having sexual fantasies about her. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Jones should:",recognize that such attraction is normal but proceed with caution.,confess his attraction to Lisa and make it a topic for mutual examination in therapy.,recognize that such attraction is inappropriate and refer Lisa to another therapist without explaining the reason to her.,continue working with Lisa but consult with a colleague if he believes his attraction might be interfering with his objectivity.,D
Parametric Tests are used when data is interval or ration. When is it used the ONE-WAY ANOVA?,used when there is 1 IV and means of more than 2 groups,used when there is 2 IV and means of more than 4 groups,used when there is 3 IV and means of more than 5 groups,used when there is 4 IV and means of more than 6 groups,A
"A father brings his 22-year-old son to you for evaluation. Within the past 6 weeks, this formerly socially active young man has quit his job as a restaurant manager, has become withdrawn, and now spends most of his time in his room watching TV. He reports that he occasionally receives messages from aliens through the TV. Based on this information, which of the following is the most appropriate DSM-IV diagnosis",Schizophreniform Disorder,Brief Reactive Psychosis,Schizophrenia,Antisocial Personality Disorder,A
Identify the only construct that is not pertinent to developmental models on intelligence:,Investment theory,The positive manifold,G theory,Primary mental ability theory,A
Thomas and Chess’s (1977) “goodness-of-fit” model predicts that maladjustment in children is due to:,a mismatch between the child’s basic temperament and his/her parents’ childrearing practices.,a mismatch between the child’s attachment behaviors and his/her parents’ response to those behaviors.,inconsistencies in the parenting styles of the child’s caregivers.,inconsistencies in the child’s sense of self and the feedback the child receives from caregivers about his/her behavior.,A
The STANDARD SCORES express raw score distance from mean by SD and considered the most satisfactory type of NR score. Which statement out of the following ones is about T-scores?,Shows how many standard deviations a score is above or below the mean: a score of +1.0 means it’s 1 SD above the mean,"M=50, SD=10- it is used on many psychological tests, MMPI","standard nine: M=5, SD=approx 2","M=100, SD=15 or 16",B
Trend analysis is a type of analysis of variance that is used when:,a study’s independent variable is quantitative.,a study’s dependent variable is qualitative.,a cross-sectional research design has been used.,a factorial research design has been used.,A
"When performing a(n) ________ task, group members select a solution offered by one of the group members as the group’s solution.",compensatory,disjunctive,conjunctive,additive,B
A therapist instructs a client who suffers from insomnia to polish his hardwood floors for at least two hours whenever he wakes up during the night. Apparently this therapist is familiar with the work of:,Luigia Boscolo.,Milton Erickson.,Salvador Minuchin.,Marquis de Sade.,B
A patient wishes to use data from your recent neuropsychological evaluation in a civil hearing in which he is suing the supermarket where he slipped and fell. Which answer should be the first step in fulfilling this request after a release has been duly executed?,Provide the data and test forms to the patient,Provide the data and test forms to the patient’s attorney,Provide the data to an appropriately qualified psychologist as indicated on the release form,"Provide all data and test forms, if contacted directly by the attorney",C
"Female applicants consistently obtain lower scores on a selection test than do male applicants. However, when they are hired, females perform as well on the job as do males. This situation illustrates which of the following?",differential validity,differential selection,adverse impact,unfairness,D
The correction for attenuation formula is used to measure the impact of increasing:,a test’s reliability on its validity.,a test’s validity on its reliability.,the number of test items on the test’s validity.,the number of test items on the test’s reliability.,A
A child diagnosed with conduct disorder cannot receive an additional diagnosis of:,ADHD,Rett’s disorder,Oppositional defiant disorder,Asperger syndrome,C
The presence of manic episodes is required for a diagnosis of:,Depression,Bipolar I,Bipolar II,Dysthymia,B
"On the basis of his investigation of the relationship between affiliation and anxiety, Schachter concluded that which of the following best accounted for the desire of high-anxiety research participants to wait with other high-anxiety participants?",demand characteristics,evaluation apprehension,relief from discomfort,social comparison,D
"A psychologist in private practice is going through a difficult divorce and, as a result, has started drinking and is often depressed. He should:",plunge deeper into his work to take his mind off his own problems.,seek professional consultation and consider temporarily suspending his practice.,explain the situation to his clients and offer to refer them to other therapists.,immediately refer his clients to other therapists.,B
A physician refers an asthmatic patient to you for therapy and requests regular progress reports. The most appropriate course of action for you to take is to,"comply with this request, since a physician must be involved whenever you treat someone for a physical condition",tell the physician chat psychological reports can be sent only to a psychiatrist or to another psychologist,tell the physician thar you can send progress reports only with a written release by the patient,"comply with this request, since the physician needs your input for best treatment of the patient's physical condition",C
"As used in personnel selection, “adverse impact” means that",a group covered by law is hired at a rate less than 80% of that of the group with the best selection,selection interviews are “adverse” for groups covered by law and result in differential selection rates,adverse conditions exist for selection of groups covered bylaw,the total selection process results in unequal results for one or more groups covered by law,A
"A stroke that affects the posterior region of the corpus callosum, thus disconnecting the visual centers of the brain from the language centers of the brain, may result in this syndrome:",Agraphia without alexia,Alexia without agraphia,Aphasia,Apraxia,B
Research suggests children’s successful adjustment to the divorce of their parents is most related to:,the frequency of contact with the noncustodial parent.,the quality of the parent-child relationships prior to the divorce.,the child’s ability to understand the cause(s) of the divorce.,the degree of post-divorce conflict between the parents.,D
"Dr. Sam Solo is the only psychologist in a small town, and his son is enrolled in the town's only elementary school. Dr. Solo receives a call from his son's teacher who says she would like to begin therapy with him. As an ethical psychologist, Dr. Solo should:",tell the teacher that he is ethically prohibited from seeing her because to do so would constitute a multiple (dual) relationship.,"begin therapy with her and discuss the potential for conflicts during the initial session and, if necessary, in subsequent sessions.",begin therapy with her but seek consultation if any problems arise.,begin therapy with her but take special precautions to ensure that client confidentiality is maintained.,B
An agonist is ___________.,A drug that cannot produce 100% of the biological response,A drug that has no effect,Another name for antianxiety medication,A drug that binds to a receptor producing a change in activity,D
"Research in the workplace has shown that a subordinate’s participation in goal setting leads to the selection of goals that, when compared to goals set for subordinates unilaterally by their supervisors, are",more challenging,Of about the same level of difficulty,never accomplished,less challenging,A
You are a consultant asked to design an intervention program in a recently integrated housing project where antagonism and hostility between old and new residents are extremely high. The goal is to improve relations through contact. You would be more likely to facilitate that goal if you could arrange interactions that provide opportunities,"at the outset for contact that is rather casual and superficial, thus providing a “warm-up” phase",which make explicit the status hierarchy chat is implicit in the interactions between the wo groups,which provide an open airing and all-out discussion about what each group believes to be the negative crits of the other,for each group of residents co disconfirm negative traits of the other group,D
Which of the following is true of low-context communication?,It is grounded in the situation,It relies heavily on nonverbal cues,It is a less unifying form of communication,It is more typical of culturally diverse groups in the United States,C
"A former client owes you over $600.00 in therapy fees and you are considering using a collection agency to collect the money she owes you. As an ethical psychologist, you should:",decide not to do so because using a collection agency is prohibited by the ethical guidelines.,do so only if you had informed the client at the beginning of therapy that you would do so if she did not pay her fees in a timely manner.,contact the client first to inform her of your intent to use a collection agency if she does not pay her outstanding fees by a specific date.,use a collection agency only as a “last resort.”,C
"If you believe another psychologist has committed an ethical violation, you should first:",Report it to the APA Ethics Committee,Report it to his or her state professional standards board,Wait to see whether he or she commits a second violation,Discuss your concerns with him or her,D
Research on the counseling of minority group member clients indicates thar they,remain in counseling for approximately the same length of time as nonminority dents,rarely seek counseling services,remain in counseling for a significantly longer time than non- minority clients,terminate counseling significantly earlier than do non-minority clients,D
A psychologist at a pain clinic is helping design a medication reduction schedule to address the learned aspects of a patient's medication use. The psychologist’s best recommendation would be to administer medication,"in the patient’s food, because reduction will occur sooner as the patient's awareness of the medication decreases","at specific times, because then the medication will not be given in response to pain","only when requested by the patient, because reduction will occur sooner if less medication is given","by injection, because as administration becomes more painful, less medication will be requested",B
Research on women who have had abortions indicates that,subsequent problems in sexual adjustment and in relationships with men are common,most women who have abortions think no more about the event than they would about having a wisdom tooth removed,the psychological consequences are no worse than they are for women who have chosen to continue their pregnancies and give birth,"the experience frequently has serious psychological consequences, usually in the form of guilt and depression",C
"Behaviorist views have been criticized by other approaches for a number of reasons. Ethologists argued that the behaviorists ignored innate, built-in biases in learning due to evolution, but also disagreed with:",the use of the animals in laboratory experiments,the use of the humans in laboratory experiments,the use of the trial-and-error system,the use of the operant conditioning principle,A
An aspect of development that is more plastic is an aspect that is .,More or less fixed and difficult to change,Not heavily influenced by the environment,Relatively malleable,Irrelevant to developmental processes,C
"From a behavioral perspective, phobic reactions to benign objects or events are acquired when those objects or events become associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a fear response. In other words, phobic reactions are due to:",negative reinforcement.,negative punishment.,stimulus generalization.,classical conditioning.,D
Statistical regression is a potential threat to a study’s internal validity when:,there is a statistically different number of participants in the study’s treatment groups.,there is a statistically significant difference in the number of participants who drop out of the different treatment groups during the course of the study.,participants are selected for inclusion in the study because of their extremely high or low scores on the pretest.,the researcher is unable to randomly assign participants to the different treatment groups.,C
According to Bem’s (1972) self-perception theory:,"people experience discomfort (dissonance) when their behaviors are not consistent with their attitudes, beliefs, or values.",people enhance their own sense of self-worth by associating or identifying with others who are successful.,people tend to attribute their successes to dispositional factors and failures to situational factors.,people infer their own attitudes and emotions by observing their own behaviors and the circumstances in which those behaviors occur.,D
A 60-year-old fire chiefs referred to you because department policy requires a fitness evaluation when an employee reaches this age. You have been asked to assist in cis fitness evaluation. Which of the following would be the most important factor to consider in your evaluation,Emotional fitness,General intelligence,Motivation,Functional abilities,D
"Dr. Harold Hanson, a psychologist who heads the personnel committee at a mental health facility, recommends that a psychologist who has an unresolved charge of sexual harassment against him not be considered for a promotion. In terms of his ethical responsibilities, Dr. Hanson:",has acted ethically since sexual harassment is explicitly prohibited by the ethical guidelines.,has acted ethically as long as he is willing to consider the psychologist for promotion if he is acquitted of the harassment charge.,has acted ethically as long as his decision is consistent with the stated promotion policy of the mental health facility.,has acted unethically by violating the requirements of the ethical guidelines regarding employment procedures.,D
"On average, men perform better than women on all the following tasks with the exception of:",Simultaneous processing,Mental rotation,Target-directed motor skills,Mathematical problem solving,A
Comparison of an individual’s score with an inappropriate norm group affects all of the following except,relevance of the score,reliably of the score,decisions about the subject,validity of the score,C
Lewin’s force field theory describes planned change in organizations as involving which of the following stages?,"unfreezing, changing, and refreezing","forming, performing, and re-forming","identifying, planning, and acting","setting the stage, problem-solving, and reaching an agreement",A
The primary advantage of the forced-choice distribution of rated attributes in performance appraisal is that it,eliminates statistical concerns about ipsative measurement,enhances the reliability of ratings,"is more objective, since it does not deal with the strengths and weaknesses of the employee","is easier and faster to use, since only two choices are available",B
"Dr. Carl Carlson is a licensed psychologist and professor in the psychology department at a large university. He is approached by a graduate student, Marla M., age 36, who asks him if he’d like to attend a baseball game on Friday night. Dr. Carlson is divorced and finds Marla to be a very attractive woman. In terms of ethical guidelines, if Dr. Carlson accepts Marla’s invitation, he will be:",clearly violating ethical guidelines.,acting ethically since he is not the one who initiated a potential relationship.,acting ethically as long as Marla is a student in a department other than the psychology department and will not be taking any classes in the psychology department.,acting ethically as long as he does not become sexually involved with Marla until she is no longer affiliated with the university.,C
Nonparametric statistics should be used instead of parametric statistics when the,most powerful statistical test for a fixed value of alpha is sought,form of the distribution of scores in the investigated population is not known,data in the investigated population represent a continuous variable,data in the investigated population are known to fulfill the requirements of an interval scale,B
"""Rosenhan’s research involving “pseudopatients"""" who were admitted to psychiatric hospitals:""",conﬁrmed that participation in a research study alters the behavior of research participants.,demonstrated that labeling a person changes the person's behavior.,showed that the environment inﬂuences how a person's behavior is perceived.,"""showed that “central traits"""" have a greater impact than other traits on impression formation.""",C
"When we convert total number of errors on a test to percent correct, or vice versa, we are performing which type of transformation",Linear,Nonlinear,Curvilinear,Cumulative,A
"A regression model predicting frequency of tantrums from (a) effectiveness of parental commands, (b) consistency of parental discipline, and (c) parental warmth, would result in a model with:",One y-intercept and one regression coefficient,Four regression coefficients,One regression coefficient and three y-intercepts,One y-intercept and three regression coefficients,D
"When using multiple regression, multicollinearity occurs when:",the predictors are highly correlated with one another.,the criterion measures are highly correlated with one another.,there is a low correlation between the predictors and the criterion.,there is a high (significant) correlation between the predictors and the criterion.,A
"You receive a phone call from Hermann H., age 28, who says he is “totally miserable” because of the recent breakup with his girlfriend and that he would like to begin therapy with you. During the first session with Hermann, you find out that his political views are completely repugnant to you, and you feel that you would not enjoy working with him. As an ethical psychologist, you should:",consult with another psychologist during the course of treatment to make sure your feelings don’t interfere with your objectivity.,discuss the difference in political views with Hermann only if they become relevant to the psychotherapy process.,see Hermann in therapy until his current crisis is over and then make a referral if necessary.,provide Hermann with appropriate referrals.,D
"During the second stage of Kohlberg’s preconventional level of moral development, children obey rules because:",they feel they have a personal duty to uphold rules and laws.,"""""""everyone else is doing it.""""""",doing so helps them avoid punishment.,doing so helps them satisfy their personal needs.,D
"If a researcher implemented a brief motivational interviewing intervention to increase client motivation in the hopes that increased motivation would lead to lower levels of problem alcohol use, motivation would be a ___________.",Moderator,Mediator,Covariate,Construct validity threat,B
The mental retardation associated with PKU is preventable with:,removal of environmental toxins.,blood transfusions.,a special diet.,antibiotics.,A
"A couple brings their ten-year-old son to therapy at the suggestion of his school counselor who is concerned because the boy has started arguing with his teacher and getting into physical fights with his classmates. After several sessions with the boy and his family, you receive a letter from the school principal requesting information about the boy's condition, and a signed release from the boy's parents is included with the letter. As an ethical psychologist, you should:",refuse to release the records to anyone but a licensed psychologist.,refuse to release the records to anyone but the boy's parents.,release only that information you believe to be relevant to the school's concerns.,release photocopies of your complete file on the boy and his family.,C
Attribution theories provide a framework for the important types of information used to assess behavior. One theory describes how people identify explanations of people’s personal characteristics from behavioral evidence. This theory is ___________.,Correspondent inference theory,Covariation model of attribution,Achievement attribution,Attribution of harm,A
The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by the,reticular formation,cerebellum,thalamus,parietal lobe,A
"According to Albert Ellis, our emotional and behavioral reactions to an event are due to our beliefs about the event rather than to the event itself. In other words, our beliefs act as a:",moderator variable.,mediator variable.,latent variable.,suppressor variable.,B
"A 16-month-old child who calls her pet cat “kitty” sees a dog for the first time and calls it “kitty.” In terms of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the child is displaying:",assimilation.,accommodation.,categorization.,centration.,A
The FACTORIAL ANOVA is used when study involves more than 1 IV. Which is the INTERACTION EFFECT of the Factorial Anova?,effect of an IV at diff levels of the other IVs,effect of 1 IV by itself,effect of more IV by themselves,effect of an IV at the same levels of the other IVs,A
All of the following are uses of job analysis except,marching the right person with the right job,setting wages and salaries,establishing safety standards,determining underutilization in workforce labor marker comparisons,D
another person's behavior is referred to as the .,self-serving bias,actor-observer effect,fundamental attribution bias,self-perception bias,C
Three types of prevention have been identified in community mental health. Secondary prevention attempts to,deal with problems before they occur,prevent relapses of problems,reduce the severity of problems,prevent community disintegration,C
What treatment method has the best results with addressing anxiety symptoms?,Cognitive behavioral therapy,Social skills training,Behavioral activation treatment,Nondirective supportive treatment,A
Which of the following is a correct statement about confidentiality,Confidential information may be revealed to others only with the consent of the client,"In public lectures, it is unethical to relate vignettes about clients",Case material may be discussed with colleagues concerned with the case only when a formal release of information has been obtained from the client,There are exceptions to the obligation to maintain confidentiality,D
"During his first therapy session, a client tells Dr. Goodwill that he wants to pay for therapy in cash and doesn't want Dr. Goodwill to keep a record of the therapy sessions or his payments. If Dr. Goodwill agrees to this arrangement she has acted:",ethically as long as she ascertains that the client's reasons for making this request are valid.,ethically since it is up to Dr. Goodwill to decide what to include in her therapy records.,ethically and legally as long as she includes the client's payments as income on her income tax forms.,unethically and possibly illegally.,D
Self-instructional training of impulsive children involves helping them to,attend better to tasks by writing down their lesson objectives in advance,change their self-statements to increase their task-oriented behavior,focus their thoughts on mood-elevating cognitions,use programmed instructions to shape adaptive behavior gradually,B
"A company president is concerned about the low motivation and satisfaction of her employees and, as a result, institutes a wage and bonus (financial) incentive program for all employees. Six months later, the president finds that her efforts have not increased the employees' job motivation or satisfaction. This result is best predicted by which of the following theories?",ERG theory,expectancy theory,equity theory,two-factor theory,D
"According to general systems theory, negative feedback",interferes with the capacity of a system to maintain wholeness,has a detrimental impact on a family member's self-esteem,is a critical component in a system's ability to maintain stability,is most prevalent in dysfunctional systems,C
"With regard to the effects of crowding, which of the following is true?",Men are more likely than women to act aggressively in crowded conditions.,Men are less likely than women to be stressed by crowded conditions.,Men and women are equally likely to react negatively to crowded conditions.,Men and women react aggressively to crowded conditions to about the same degree,B
"To decrease hostility between groups of junior high school students, you would be best advised to:",increase opportunities for contact under pleasant conditions.,have a respected member of the community speak to the students about the benefits of cooperation.,have each group select a representative to discuss ways to reduce hostility.,assign the students goals that can be achieved only through intergroup cooperation.,D
Which of the following functions tends to decline the most with age,Attention span,Ability to process information rapidly,Crystallized intelligence,Implicit memory,B
"After three sessions with a therapy client, Dr. Leonard Lykowski realizes that he’s feeling somewhat hostile toward the client because she reminds him of his wife who he’s currently divorcing. Dr. Lykowski’s best course of action would be to:",refer the client to another therapist without telling the client the reason for the referral.,refer the client to another therapist after discussing the reason with her.,recognize that his feelings are the result of countertransference and continue to work with the client.,consult with another psychologist to determine whether or not to continue seeing the client in therapy.,D
"Within the context of sexual harassment, “quid pro quo” refers to:",a situation in which an employee’s response to sexual demands impacts his/her job.,"""the creation of a """"hostile environment"""" as a result of sexually offensive conduct. ""","""the judgment of a """"reasonable woman"""" that an act is offensive. """,overt (explicit) sexual conduct.,A
Which of the following is not an available tool for assessing suicide risk?,Beck Hopelessness Scale,Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation,The Suicide Action Questionnaire,Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire,C
Hypnosis is best described as a response to suggestion involving:,a measurable physiological change.,"an alteration in memory, mood, and perception.",increased compliance to situational demands.,a state of “artificial sleep.”,B
"A woman has a schizophrenic brother. According to research area, the probability thar she is or will become schizophrenic is about",0.01,0.42,0.5,0.7,B
Standardized tests or measures that compare an examinee’s performance to the performance of a specified group of participants are:,Criterion-referenced testing,Functional behavioral assessments,Intellectual assessments,Norm-referenced tests,D
Which of the following item difficulty (p) levels maximizes the differentiation of examinees into high- and low-performing groups:,0,0.5,0.9,1.5,B
A person is most likely to be helped in an emergency situation when:,there is a single bystander.,there are several bystanders.,there are several bystanders of the same gender.,there are several bystanders of the opposite gender.,A
"Current legal and ethical standards require that a treatment record be kept for each patient. At the minimum, this treatment record should include","initial findings: consent of patient's cognitions, reveries, and fantasies; dares of service and billings patient's progress",diagnoses; initial findings; treatment plan; dates of service and billing; progress in the treatment plan,"diagnoses; initial findings; content of patient's cognitions, reveries, and fantasies; dates of service and billing; progress in the treatment plan",initial findings; dates of service and billing; patient's progress,B
Children typically take their first steps around the age of,6 months,9 months,12 months,18 months,C
Lewinsohn’s behavioral model proposes a causal link between ______________ and depression.,a lack of reinforcement from the environment,“accidental” external reinforcement for depressogenic behaviors,a high need for perfectionism,chronic physical and psychological stress,A
"When using factor analysis, a major concern of personality theorists has been specifying the",number of dimensions necessary 10 describe personality,developmental sequence of personality dimensions,differential accuracy between dimensions,connections between personality dimensions and actual behavior,A
Parkinson’s disease is caused by a progressive degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the:,suprachiasmatic nucleus.,insular cortex.,substantia nigra.,entorhinal cortex.,C
"Studies of persons in their 70s, 80s, and 90s indicate thar intellectual functioning is most closely related to",social support,life experience,chronological age,health status,A
The primary value underlying the existence of ethical principles is:,Confidentiality of therapist–client communication,The continued prosperity of the field of psychology,The advancement of the welfare of society as a whole,The advancement and protection of the welfare of clients of psychologists,D
"While treating a client, you decide that you want to consult with a colleague to discuss a specific aspect of the case that is giving you trouble. According to APA’s Ethics Code and the Canadian Code of Ethics:",you must always obtain permission from the client before talking to a consultant.,you must obtain permission from the client only if you will be revealing the client's identity to the consultant.,you don't have to obtain permission from the client as long as he/she has already signed a general waiver.,"""you do not have to obtain permission from the client under any circumstances since the consultant is “clearly connected"""" with the case.""",B
"""Smith, Glass, and Miller’s (1980) meta-analysis of the psychotherapy outcome research found that people receiving therapy are """"better off"""" than about _____% of people who need treatment but do not receive it.""",45,55,80,95,C
The _______ is the least developed area of the brain at birth.,brain stem,cerebral cortex,limbic system,cerebellum,B
Feminist therapy is characterized by all of the following except,creating an egalitarian relationship between the therapist and the client,establishing a special bond between a female therapist and a female client,seeing the client's problems in their sociopolitical context,encouraging crust and respect for other women,B
Which of the following relies on internal resources to cope with a problem?,Problem-focused coping,Emotion-focused coping,Cognitive dissonance,Semantic differential,B
The flaw in Anderson’s ACT theory was that some considered it ___________.,Only applicable to a motor system,"Untestable and thus, of uncertain scientific value",Lacking in definition for its elements,Overly complex in explaining the operation of cognition,B
"""According to Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership model, a leader should use a """"participative"""" style for subordinates who have:""",low ability and low motivation.,low ability and high motivation.,high ability and low motivation.,high ability and high motivation.,C
The 80% rule is used to determine if:,a selection procedure is having an adverse impact.,a selection procedure is cost effective.,a performance appraisal measure has adequate relevance.,a performance appraisal measure has adequate utility.,A
A 15-year-old consistency engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse and denying the possibility of pregnancy and/or contracting sexually transmitted diseases is an example of,formal operational thought,adolescent egocentrism,early sociocentrism,identity foreclosure,B
"When a highly cohesive group under directive leadership reaches a decision before completely assessing available information or considering alternative solutions, the group may be exhibiting the influence of",group think,group polarization,social loafing,risky shift,A
Gestalt therapy is designed to achieve integration of,motive patterns and habit patterns,"thought, feeling, and action","past, present, and future",external and internal processes,B
Prochaska and DiClemente’s (1982) stages of change (transtheoretical) model predicts that a person in the ________ stage plans to take action within the next six months that will alter his/her problematic behavior.,action,contemplation,preparation,precontemplation,B
What is termed “catharsis” in psychoanalytic theory might be described by behaviorists as,a decrease in affective responses because of therapeutic directions to the client to make such decreases,redirection of anxiety because of therapeutic influences,reduction of emotional response by an extinction procedure,inhibition of emotional response because of learned cognitive controls,C
Research on EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) suggests that its effectiveness for alleviating the symptoms of PTSD is attributable to which of the following?,imaginal exposure,higher-order conditioning,relaxation training,fixed visual attention,A
"The items for 2 machinist proficiency test have been based on 2 job analysis of machinists in 50 plants, each employing five or more machinists doing comparable work. Such 2 procedure would contribute directly to the test's",concurrent validity,predictive validity,empirical validity,content validity,D
The procedure involving repeated presentation of a stimulus to the client until the attractiveness of that stimulus is reduced is best described as,stimulus satiation,response-prevention,flooding,implosion,A
"Exposing individuals to arguments against their views, arguments that are then strongly refuted, may serve to",increase their attitudinal ambivalence,weaken their resistance to later persuasive appeals,render them indifferent to the attitude object,inoculate chem against later persuasive appeals,D
The function of the correction for attenuation is to,provide an estimate of the predictive validity of a test-thar is independent of chance factors in any specific validation sample,show how adding or subtracting items affects the reliability of a test,estimate the correlation between wo variables if one or both could be measured without error,correct an obtained correlation coefficient for restriction of range in either variable,C
In a study in which depressed individuals presenting for outpatient mental health treatment are randomly assigned to either cognitive behavioral or brief dynamic treatment and both groups are assessed at pretest and posttest:,A mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) could be used to analyze the data,The design includes one between-subjects factor and one within-subjects factor,Each factor comprises two levels,All of the above,D
"As described by Kobasa et al. (1982), the personality characteristic of hardiness is characterized by which of the following?","conﬁdence, competence, and control","commitment, challenge, and control","common sense, commitment, and capability","capability, challenge. and commitment",B
"Humanistic and existential therapists view ulcers, hypertension, and tension headaches as",strictly physical phenomena,symptoms of a loss of contact with personal values,"perceived, rather than actual, physical symptoms",responses to specific stressors in the physical environment,B
"The belief that a child's misbehavior has one of four goals — i.e., attention, revenge, power, or to display inadequacy — is most consistent with:",Beck’s cognitive-behavioral therapy.,Adler’s individual psychology,Perls’s Gestalt therapy.,Mahler’s object relations theory.,B
"When serving as an expert witness in a child custody case, a psychologist's primary concern should be:",what the child desires.,maintaining a position of neutrality.,the best interests of the child.,the best interests of the person who hired the psychologist.,C
Selye (1956) proposed that which of the following endocrine glands mediate the general adaptation syndrome?,thyroid and thymus,adrenal and pituitary,thyroid and parathyroid,pancreas and pineal,B
"During a Developmental Research, the variables are assessed as a function of time. How does the cross-sectional design works?",some people are studied over a long period of time,different group divided by age are assessed at the same time,combines longitudinal and cross-sequential design,representative samples of different ages are assessed multiple times,B
"You receive a call from Mrs. Wang who is very upset because her 14-year-old daughter witnessed the assault of her best friend three days ago and is very distraught. The girl hasn’t slept, won’t eat, and can’t stop crying. You have limited experience working with adolescents and in providing crisis intervention services. However, there is no one else in the community who is more experienced than you are. As an ethical psychologist, you will:",agree to see Mrs. Wang’s daughter in therapy since you’ve had some experience providing crisis intervention experiences.,inform Mrs. Wang about your lack of experience and let her decide if she wants you to provide therapy to her daughter.,inform Mrs. Wang that you cannot see her daughter because of your lack of experience.,see Mrs. Wang’s daughter in therapy only until the crisis has ended or until you locate alternative services.,D
The correlation between two sets of test scores indicates the,extent to which skill in one test results in skill in another,accuracy of the two sets of test scores,extent to which skill in both tests is the result of a third skill,proportion of variance in one test associated with variance in the other test,D
The following measure of general cognitive abilities would be most appropriate for use with a nonverbal adolescent:,Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales–5,Leiter–R,Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–II,Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–IV,B
"Dr. A. Praise is hired to perform a court-ordered evaluation of a defendant in a criminal case. She discusses the purpose of the evaluation with the defendant who then says he does not want to cooperate. According to the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology, Dr. Praise should:",remind the defendant that he has no choice since the evaluation is court-ordered.,refuse to conduct the evaluation unless she obtains a signed consent from the defendant.,refuse to conduct the evaluation unless she obtains a signed consent from the defendants attorney.,postpone the evaluation and advise the defendant to contact his attorney.,D
A student who is chronically depressed is most likely to attribute the low score she received on her final exam to:,her lack of ability.,the lack of time she had to study.,the difficulty of some exam items.,the instructor's ineptitude.,A
"When using the Premack Principle to modify a behavior, the reinforcer is:",applied intermittently.,a generalized conditioned reinforcer.,a behavior that occurs frequently.,a stimulus that naturally elicits the desired behavior.,C
American Psychological Association?,non-White research participants,the elderly,clients with a physical disability,people afﬂicted with a chronic disease,C
"According to Irvin Yalom, ________in group therapy is the analogue of the therapist-client relationship in individual therapy.",universality,identification,cohesiveness,alliance,C
"""A 14-year old boy is arrested for the third time for shoplifting. His mother seems unconcerned and says """"he's just going through a phase."""" His father decides to go fishing on the day of the boy's court hearing, and his sister says she can't attend his court hearing because she has too much homework. From the perspective of structural family therapy, this family is best described as:""",disengaged.,closed.,"""emotionally """"cut-off.""""""",skewed.,A
Magical thinking would predispose a child of what age range to infer chat his or her father died because of the child’s own misbehavior,12 years,3-6 years,7-12 years,13-18 years,B
Which of the following is true?,"Spirituality has been shown to act as a protective factor against disease, and it is imperative to put effort toward understanding and incorporating spirituality into clinical practice",Incorporating spirituality into evidence-based treatments has only been effective for religious individuals,"Yoga, meditation, mindfulness, and acupuncture techniques are not very effective treatment for pain associated with a chronic illness",All choices are false,A
The largest proportion of variation in therapy outcome is accounted for by,"pre-existing client factors, such as the motivation to-change","therapeutic technique variables, such as the ability to be directive and still keep the patient in therapy","therapist personality factors, such as warmth and empathy","therapist—client interactions, such as the (favorable) combination of 2 cold therapists with a manipulative client",A
"In contrast to traditional approaches to psychotherapy, culturally sensitive approaches attempt to understand a client’s experience of an illness within the client’s cultural context. In other words, culturally sensitive approaches adopt an ______ perspective.",emic,etic,emetic,endogenous,A
LISREL (linear structural relations analysis) would be the appropriate method of analysis if your causal model:,includes measured (observed) attributes only.,includes latent traits only.,includes both measured (observed) attributes and latent traits.,includes both correlated and uncorrelated attributes.,C
"When evaluating a defendant’s competence to stand trial, the focus of the evaluation is on the defendant’s:",ability to distinguish right from wrong.,ability to comprehend the charges against him/her.,mental state at the time he/she committed the crime.,DSM-IV diagnosis.,B
The match between a child’s temperament and the demands and responses of the environment in which she develops is known as ___________.,Attachment,Goodness of fit,Bidirectionality,Developmental contextualism,B
Replacing a “failure identity” with a “success identity” is a goal of treatment for practitioners of _______ therapy.,Gestalt,reality,solution-focused,Adlerian,B
Bartering as a form of payment for psychological services is,allowable only if it is not clinically contraindicated and the relationship is not exploitative,not allowable under any circumstance,allowable only if the dollar value of the psychological service and of the payment service or goods are established in advance,allowable only if the psychologist feels char a client would be denied services if barbering were not allowed,A
The most dangerous physiological complication of Bulimia Nervosa is,edema,dehydration,gastrointestinal disturbance,electrolyte imbalance,D
The major advantage of using a forced-choice method as an employee performance appraisal technique is that:,it is easy to develop and use.,it provides specific information for employee feedback.,it helps alleviate leniency and other biases.,it provides an objective measure of job performance.,C
"Social influence occurs when an individual’s attitude, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are affected by the persuasive effect of others. There are many responses. Which type of social influence represents the Milgram effect?",Conformity,Obedience,Compliance,Power,B
A psychologist is asked to see a 10-year-old child for counseling in a school setting. Which of the following statements describes the best way for the psychologist to meet the prescribed ethical responsibility,The child provides verbal assent to participate in therapy,Both the parent(s) and the child provide written consent to therapy for the child,The parent(s) provide(s) written consent and the child assents verbally to participate in therapy,The parent(s) provide(s) written and verbal consent to therapy for the child,C
"If a client has difficulty in learning new adaptive responses due to interference from old learning, this is a case of",reminiscence,retroactive inhibition,latent learning,proactive inhibition,D
__________ is the most frequent cause of many of the ethical complaints brought against psychotherapy supervisors.,Sexual harassment,Breach of confidentiality,Lack of timely feedback,Incompetence,C
"Alice A., who has a master's degree in clinical psychology but is not licensed, is hired by a community mental health clinic to, among other things, administer several standard psychological tests to adult clients. According to ethical guidelines, this is:",acceptable as long as a professional clinical psychologist co-signs Alice’s evaluations.,acceptable as long as a professional clinical psychologist supervises Alice’s activities.,unacceptable since Alice is not a licensed psychologist.,unacceptable since Alice does not have a doctoral degree.,B
It is characteristic of brief crisis-oriented therapy to,explore early childhood experiences related to the problem,try to ensure that the client becomes calm and relaxed,agree upon clear-cut goals and keep the sessions focused on these goals,"be open and nondirective, allowing the client the greatest latitude in exploring all aspects of the crisis situation",C
A child with an insecure/anxious-avoidant pattern of attachment:,is very distressed when separated from his/her mother and continues to be highly anxious when she returns.,is more anxious when his/her mother is present than absent and resists contact with her when she returns following separation.,is very distressed when separated from his/her mother but pulls away from her when she returns.,shows little distress when separated from his/her mother and turns away from her when she returns.,D
"In order to deal with the legal issue of age discrimination, iris important for the psychologist to know that, with regard to the firing of an employee, evidence of age discrimination exists",only when company policy reflects adverse impact on older workers,"whenever the employee's age, instead of work performance, is the basis for firing",whenever the affected employee can demonstrate substantial economic loss,only when the majority of employees in a given age group are adversely affected economically,B
"According to Kubler-Ross, when a terminally ill patient is informed of his/her condition, the patient's initial reaction will likely be",“I hate everybody and everything!”,“No. it’s not possible!”,“I give up: I'm powerless!”,"“If you help me, God, I’ll reform my life!”",B
"In terms of EEOC guidelines, a substantially different rate of selection or promotion that results in disadvantage to people of a particular gender, race, or ethnicity is evidence of:",test bias.,adverse impact.,criterion deficiency.,situation specificity.,B
Students in an introductory psychology class are required to participate in one of the university's ongoing research projects. This practice is:,ethical as long as students can choose to participate in an alternative activity instead.,ethical as long as students are free to choose the research project they participate in.,ethical as long as informed consents are obtained from students before they participate.,clearly unethical.,A
The central ingredient of the most effective behavioral treatment for agoraphobic is,deep muscle relaxation,prolonged exposure in vivo,shaping of the desired behavior with an implemented reward system,exposure in fantasy,B
The primary function of the psychology licensing board is best described as:,developing laws that govern the practice of psychology.,providing sanctions for unethical and illegal behavior on the part of psychologists.,protecting the public welfare.,accrediting graduate programs in psychology.,C
A rattle that a 4-month-old is playing with is hidden underneath a blanket in front of the child. She looks at her mother. This child has not yet developed ___________.,Conservation,Egocentrism,Hand–eye coordination,Object permanence,D
Tonic-clonic seizures most frequently occur in which type of epilepsy,Simple partial,Complex partial,Grand mal,Perit mal,C
"When a qualitative research is done, the theory is developed from the data, not before and helps refine hypotheses. From your knowledge about this type of research, which one out of the following statements about CASE STUDIES can not be correct?","Case studies are used for attitude measurement, preferences, & satisfaction",Case studies are based on the assumption that the case can be generalized,Case studies are most useful as pilot study to identify variables that can be studies in other ways,Case studies are the a detailed examination of a single case,A
What factors increase the likelihood of burnout?,External locus of control and insufficient praise,Positive environment and micro-management,Age and quality of life,Lack of control and insufficient reward,D
"""You would use a """"multitrait-multimethod matrix"""" in order to:""",compare a test''s predictive and concurrent validity.,determine if a test has adequate convergent and discriminant validity.,identify the common factors underlying a set of related constructs.,test hypotheses about the causal relationships among variables.,B
"A client whom Dr. Oliver Olivetti has been seeing for several months has recently changed jobs, and the client has learned that her new insurance plan does not begin covering pre-existing conditions for 12 months. The client asks Dr. Olivetti if he could write his bills so that it appears that she has just started therapy. If Dr. Olivetti complies with the client's request, he is acting:",ethically since he is taking the client’s welfare into consideration.,ethically only if not to do so would require the client to quit therapy.,ethically only if the insurance forms do not require him to sign a statement saying that treatment began after the effective date of the insurance.,unethically.,D
A person in the pseudoindependent stage of White racial identity is currently ___________.,Developing an awareness of the role of Whites in perpetrating racism,Unaware of race and racism,Exploring what it means to be White and confronting own biases,Attempting to resolve moral dilemmas associated with an awareness of race and racism,A
The most common treatment for ADHD is drug treatment using CNS stimulants. In relation to treatment for ADHD which of the following statements is incorrect?,A limitation of stimulant therapy is that not all children improve.,For reducing activity levels a higher dose of the stimulant is required.,Improvements may only be short-lived following treatment.,A lower dose of the treatment has the effect of improving social behaviors.,D
"The empirical literature suggests that when mothers give their children’s developmental and social histories, the mothers’ memories are most accurate about",school relations,interpersonal relations,child-rearing practices,motor development and weight gain,D
An examinee who makes a number of confabulatory responses on the Rorschach has overgeneralized from a part of the inkblot to the whole. Such responses suggest which of the following?,a need for immediate gratification,high intelligence and creativity,a high degree of defensiveness or denial,"brain damage, intellectual disability, or emotional disturbance",D
"In research study, a mother and her infant are alone in a room. A stranger enters and the mother leaves the room. When the mother returns to the room, the infant begins to cry and initially continues to do so even after being picked up by the mother. Eventually the infant settles down and returns to playing, apparently happily, with the toys provided. Which attachment classification is most likely to be appropriate for this infant",Disorganized,Anxious resistant,Avoidant,Secure,B
The following has been shown to be the most effective means of symptom reduction for obsessive-compulsive disorder:,Dialectical behavior therapy,Antidepressant medications,Exposure and response prevention therapy,Combination of exposure and response prevention therapy and antidepressant Medications,C
A psychologist is appointed by the Court to examine a defendant. The psychologist should,begin the evaluation by informing the defendant that anything that is discussed maybe talked about in open court,begin the evaluation by asking the defendant to indicate information that should be kept confidential,refuse to do the evaluation unless the Court agrees thar it will be kept confidential,discuss confidentiality only if the defendant asks about it,A
Which of the following best describes elaborative rehearsal?,making new information meaningful,consciously repeating new information,practicing a new skill past the point of mastery,“thinking aloud” while studying,A
A functional analysis is conducted in order to identify _______ variables.,controlling,moderator,dependent,organismic,A
"Whenever her clients cancel an appointment with Dr. Penny Pincher within less than 24 hours of the appointment, Dr. Pincher routinely bills the client’s insurance company for her full hourly fee. This practice is:",illegal and unethical.,illegal but ethical.,legal and ethical.,legal but unethical.,A
"In terms of the parenting styles identified by Baumrind and her colleagues (1991), independent self-confident adolescents are most likely to have parents who are:",authoritative.,authoritarian.,permissive.,traditional.,A
The primary goal of a newly-developed community-based mental health program is to help people recently released from a psychiatric hospital adjust to life in the community. This is an example of:,primary prevention.,secondary prevention.,tertiary prevention.,crisis intervention.,C
"In classical conditioning, experimental extinction will occur when the",conditioned stimulus is repeatedly not followed by the unconditioned stimulus,unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly not followed by the conditioned stimulus,conditioned stimulus is repeatedly followed by the unconditioned response,unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly followed by the conditioned response,A
Persons who have work-related accidents tend to,feel more dissatisfied with their work than accident-free workers,be less likely to have had job promotions than accident-free workers,have had more recent life stress than accident-free workers,"be, on the average, less intelligent than accident-free workers",C
"A mother complains thar her 15-year-old daughter “lives like a pig, she is so sloppy and dirty.” She adds, “The more I yell at her, the worse she gets.” In operant conditioning terms, the yelling can best be explained as",positive reinforcement,punishment,negative reinforcement,a discriminating stimulus for the sloppy behavior,A
"Unlike play activities for adults, play activities for children",serve to relieve stress,are more structured,serve mostly for entertainment,aid in mastering the environment,D
"During the latter part of their first year, children’s language- learning ability changes in thar they",become less able to perceive sound distinctions not made in their own language,begin to be sensitive to rhythms in speech patterns,begin to utter: their first words in a systematic progression determined by selective reinforcement of babbling,begin producing more language than they can comprehend,A
Psychologist’s 35-year-old patient admits to sexually molesting a nine-year-old child in the neighborhood. This patient has prior history of such behavior. The psychologist should,notify the authorities immediately and inform the patient that this is being done,warn the patient to cease the molestations immediately or risk loss of confidentiality and being reported to the authorities,"inform the child's parents, who are responsible for the child’s well-being, before notifying the authorities",handle the issue within the therapeutic situation and thereby maintain confidentiality,A
Fechner’s Jaw assumes that “just noticeable differences” are,psychologically equal intervals,numerically equal intervals,progressively smaller in magnitude,erratic and cannot be reliably measured,A
"If the objectives of psychological research conducted in a laboratory dictate that certain information be withheld from the participant, consent by the participant",maybe waived provided written consent is obtained from a member of the participant's immediate family,"is not necessary, bur some explanation of the research situation to the participant is essential","is necessary, and an explanation of significant aspects that might affect willingness to participate must be provided",is considered essential only if there is possible risk of physical or psychological harm,C
Wayne W. tells Dr. Pete Pannick that his partner is threatening to harm Dr. Panniclc because he's not happy with the advice that Wayne is getting in therapy. Dr. Panniclc knows that Wayne's partner has engaged in violent behavior in the past and believes the threat is serious. Dr. Panniclc:,should continue to see Wayne in therapy and ask Wayne to bring his partner to the next session to discuss the situation.,"should continue seeing Wayne in therapy but, with his permission, contact the police to discuss the threat.",may terminate therapy with Wayne but only after providing him with pre-termination counseling and appropriate referrals.,may terminate therapy with Raymond.,D
A graduate student designed and conducted a research project for her dissertation and subsequently wrote a journal article describing the study and its results. The original idea for the study was derived from the work of the student’s faculty advisor who also provided the facilities for the student's research. The faculty advisor wants to be listed as first author on the article when it is published. In this situation:,the student should be listed as the first author.,it is up to the student to determine authorship credit.,it is up to the advisor to determine authorship credit.,the student should file a complaint against the advisor with the Ethics Committee.,A
"According to HERSEY and BLANCHARD’S SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP MODEL, leader style is described in terms of task and relationship orientation and optimal style depends on job maturity and subordinates. How is it the Delegating Style?",high task-orientation and low relationship orientation,high task-orientation and high relationship orientation,low task orientation and high relationship orientation,low task orientation and low relationship orientation,D
A woman transmits color blindness to her son although she herself displays normal color vision. The defect transmitted by this woman represents a characteristic of her,Y chromosome,dominant genes,genotype,phenotype,C
You are a psychologist in a state/province that grants the right of privileged communication to clients of psychologist. The attorney of the spouse of a client you are seeing requests that you testify in their divorce hearing. What is the most appropriate course of action if divorce is not specifically covered under the privilege law,Refuse to testify unless you get written permission from your clients,Testify,"Make a determination as to whether or not your testimony would be useful to your client, and testify if you think it would help",Testify only if you are granted immunity from litigation,A
The assignment of a term paper with a known due date employs a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.,VI,FI,FR,VR,B
Nonverbal and primarily nonculturally biased abilities are referred to as:,Fluid intelligence,Broad stratum abilities,Achievement or aptitude,Crystallized intelligence,A
"In an immigrant family, serious conflict between the mother and an adolescent child will most likely be due to",adolescent strivings for independence,their differential rates of adjustment to the new environment,the enmeshment that is typical of families that have left their native land,the psychopathology resulting from the stresses of the immigration experience,B
The primary goal of quality assurance is best described as:,reducing program costs and beneficiary expenditures.,improving the health status and satisfaction of patients.,policing the profession by detecting and dealing appropriately with incompetent psychologists.,guaranteeing that the needs of patients belonging to a particular group or population are being met.,B
The External Validity refers to the the generalizability of results. In what does the INTERACTION BETWEEN SELECTION AND TREATMENT consist as an external threat for validity?,the effects of a given treatment would not generalize to other members of the target population,effects of a treatment do not generalize beyond the setting and time period of the experiment,"pretest sensitization, increases response to treatment",cues in the research setting re: hypothesis,B
The information that family members continuously exchange and that helps minimize deviation and maintain the family's stability is referred to as ________ feedback.,external,internal,negative,positive,C
"A psychologist completes an assessment, then refers the patient to another psychologist for therapy. The therapist requests and receives a consultation from the referring psychologist regarding the assessment, and pays for the consultation. This action is",ethical,unethical,"ethical only if the patient, not the therapist, pays for the consultation",ethical only if the therapist is being supervised by the referring psychologist,A
"Over the course of many months, a series of test items is administered to people of varying ages, races, and social backgrounds, to determine which questions will be retained on the final version of a test. This process is called",consent validation,concurrent validation,predictive validation,standardization,D
"A supervisor has declared, “My position gives me a great deal of authority, my subordinates know that I expect that my orders will be followed.” This supervisor's statement refers to",expert power,legitimate power,reward power,referent power,B
“Time-out” procedures in manipulating behaviors are based on the conditioning concept of,oval of a positive reinforcer,differential reinforcement,negative reinforcement,stimulus generalization,A
Most people who are suicidal are more dangerous to themselves,during the first few days after starting antidepressant medication,just before beginning antidepressant medication,as they begin to recover from their depression,when the onset of the depression is rapid,C
"For Kohlberg, morality:",Develops independent of outside influence,Cannot be rationalized in every instance,Is independent from emotion,Shows a logical progression from egocentric thought to broad moral principles,D
"You have been hired to assist with a research project on process variables in group psychotherapy. The psychologist who is the principal investigator tells you to discourage participants from leaving the group prior to the end of the study because, if too many participants drop out, the study's potential usefulness will be seriously compromised. As an ethical psychologist, you should:",refuse to assist with the research project.,immediately file a complaint against the psychologist with the psychology licensing board or ethics committee.,"write a letter to the psychologist, indicating the relevant ethical standards and offering to discuss the matter with him.","""follow the psychologist''s instructions since, by """"discouraging"""" participants from leaving the group, you are not actually coercing them to participate.""",C
Which of the following is NOT a component of Weiner’s attributional style theory?,Globality/specificity,Internality/externality,Equity/inequity,Stability/instability,C
The primary focus of the “systems approach” to the problems of business and industry is to improve,organizational performance,work habits,organizational morale,individual morale,A
"When it comes to STATISTICAL DECISION-MAKING, rejecting a false null is the goal of most researches. From your knowledge about TYPE I ERROR, which statement out of the following ones is about it?",probability of making an Alpha Level error,the level of significance is set by the researcher at .01 or .05,graphically→ white is retention area and black is rejected area,"null hypothesis is rejected, but it is true",D
"""The basic premise of the “Zeigarnik effect"""" is that:""",we tend to remember unfinished tasks better than finished ones.,we tend to remember ﬁnished tasks better than unfinished ones.,we tend to remember difﬁcult tasks better than easy ones.,we tend to remember easy tasks better than difﬁcult ones.,A
Which of the following training methods will develop 2 response most resistant to extinction,Partial reinforcement,Large magnitude reinforcement,Mild punishment for each failure to respond,Reinforcement on every trial,A
Unilateral damage to the left (dominant) hemisphere is least likely to result in an inability to:,memorize vocabulary words.,construct a daily schedule.,read a map.,use the process of elimination to answer multiple-choice questions.,C
The most automatic of the proposed memory systems is ___________.,Episodic memory,Semantic memory,Declarative memory,Explicit memory,A
A 20-month old clings nervously to her mother and does not want to explore a new play environment. She suddenly pushes her mother away and does not engage in any hugs her mother tries to give her. The infant’s facial expression shows anxiety but she looks away from her mother. The mother turns away from the baby as well. This child most likely has which type of attachment to her mother?,Secure,Insecure avoidant,Insecure resistant,Insecure disorganized,C
Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia?,"As the result of a head injury he received in a car accident, a man cannot remember where he was going before the accident occurred.",A woman cannot remember how she got to the hospital or other events that occurred during the 24 hours after she was sexually assaulted.,A high school junior who learned Spanish her freshman year is having trouble learning French because she keeps substituting Spanish words for French ones.,A college student can remember information related to an important event but cannot remember how he acquired that information.,B
The primary purpose of a(n) ____________ is to obtain detailed information about job requirements in order to facilitate decisions related to compensation.,needs assessment,organizational analysis,job analysis,job evaluation,D
"There are certain ways to increase external validity as well. From your knowledge about this ways, to what does the CLUSTER SAMPLING refer to?",ensures the sample is representative of the population,ensures proportional representation,sampling unit is a naturally occurring group,subjects and/or experimenter do no know purpose or which group they are in,C
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is most successfully used with,psychogenic amnesia,catatonic schizophrenia,delusional depression,obsessive-compulsive personality disorder,C
Which of the following is the essential feature of Conduct Disorder,Lack of appropriate guilt or remorse,Major rule or norm violations,Aggression,Impulsivity,B
Which of the following values is least characteristic of Asians and Asian Americans?,shame,self-control,egalitarianism,fatalism,C
"According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, greater change of belief will occur in forced compliance situations",in the predecision phase,when compliance is accompanied by a large reward,when compliance is accompanied by a small reward,when extreme polarization is present,C
"You receive an e-mail from Dr. Brenda Browne, a licensed psychologist, who is currently seeing one of your former clients for a substance abuse disorder. Dr. Browne asks you to forward the client’s file to her and states that the client has signed a release authorizing you to do so. You should:",wait until you receive a request from the client before taking any action.,contact the client to discuss the release of information.,forward a photocopy of the file to the psychologist as requested.,forward a summary of the file to the psychologist that includes only information related to the client’s current condition.,B
"A non-custodial parent asks Dr. Maxine Miller, a school psychologist, for the results of the tests she recently administered to his 5th grade son. If Dr. Miller complies with the father’s request, she will have acted:",legally and ethically.,legally but unethically.,illegally and unethically.,illegally but ethically.,A
"For practitioners of humanistic psychotherapy, psychopathology is the result of:",blocked potential.,"""""""dis-integration.""""""",unresolved conflicts.,severe trauma.,A
"Ethical standards for varying professions differ with regard to their emphasis and perspective. As a psychologist working in a multidisciplinary setting, you should:",only work with fellow psychologists when developing professional and ethical standards for psychological services.,cooperate with other professionals when developing professional and ethical standards for psychological services.,consult with your local ethics committee for permission to work with other professionals when developing professional and ethical standards for psychological services.,develop professional and ethical standards for mental health services that do not recognize professional differences.,B
"At the outset of group counseling, the therapist should explain char the obligation of the group member to respect confidentiality is",less of an issue than it is in individual therapy,the legal responsibility of the therapist,protected by state/provincial laws,on the “honor system” only,D
"There are several differences between Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Tests, for ex. Nonparametric Statistical Tests are less powerful than parametric tests. From your knowledge about the parametric tests, which statement can not be correct?",They are used for ordinal and nominal data,They are based on normal distribution,They are based on homogeneity of variance,They are based on Independence of Observations,A
"In most cases, statutory responsibility for establishing minimal standards for professional competency to protect the public from harm rests with",state/provincial regulatory boards,state/provincial psychological associations,individual psychologists,the APA and the Canadian Psychological Association,A
An individual’s genotype is ___________.,The 23 pairs of chromosomes one inherits from one’s parents,One’s environmental context,One’s observable appearance and characteristics,One’s physical attributes,A
"Studies on persuasion have shown that when a communicator is credible, the degree to which the receiver's initial position will change is",unrelated to the sex of the communicator,unrelated to the amount of discrepancy between the communicator’s position and the receiver's initial position,greater when there is a smaller discrepancy between the communicator's position and the receiver's initial position,greater when there is a larger discrepancy between the communicator’s position and the receiver's initial position,D
Images and sounds are maintained in sensory memory for:,an indefinite period of time.,"minutes to days, depending on the depth of encoding.",about 60 to 90 seconds.,less than 5 seconds.,D
"A colleague, a licensed psychologist, confides in you that he has just ended a sexual relationship with one of his clients. As he describes the client, you realize that she is someone you referred to him about 18 months ago. As an ethical psychologist, you should:",file a complaint against the colleague immediately with the Ethics Committee.,file a complaint against the colleague with the Ethics Committee after informing him that you intend to do so.,discuss the matter further with the colleague to see what course of action he plans to take.,contact the client and discuss the matter with her.,C
"When a nicotine patch is used in conjunction with behavioral techniques in smoking cessation programs, the rate of success is likely to",decrease,"increase initially, then recede",be the same,increase,D
"""""""Vicarious liability"""" is most likely to be a concern when a psychologist is acting in the role of:""",supervisor.,advocate.,faculty member.,talk show host.,A
The neurotransmitter most directly involved with voluntary muscle movement is,norepinephrine,acetylcholine,epinephrine,dopamine,B
"On the WAIS-III, a Verbal IQ that is substantially higher than the Performance IQ is most suggestive of which of the following?",a learning disability,low socioeconomic status,delinquency,depression,D
Which of the following is true of strong organizational culture?,It can facilitate cultural and other types of change,It is correlated with low levels of job commitment,It is correlated with high levels of job performance,It is correlated with high levels of voluntary job turnover,C
"According to Noam Chomsky’s nativist theory, language is largely the result of:",innate factors.,operant conditioning.,parental modeling.,cognitive development.,A
If a researcher conducted a study in which the criterion for statistical significance was set to 0.05 and statistical power was equal to 0.85:,The probability of making a type I error is 0.15.,The probability of making a type II error is higher than the probability of making a type I error.,The probability of making a type II error is 0.85.,The probability of type I and type II errors cannot be computed from the information given.,B
What are the facets of primary prevention?,"Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention","Primary, universal, and indicative","Universal, selective, and indicative",None of the above,C
________ involves mental retardation and extreme obesity and is caused by a chromosomal deletion.,Down Syndrome,Turner syndrome,Klinefelter syndrome.,Prader-Willi syndrome,D
"___________ is a communication disorder that is characterized by difficulties in regulating the rate, rhythm, pitch, and loudness of speech.",Dysarthria,Paraphasia,Dysprosody,Adynamia,C
"The inability to understand words, without any loss of ability to speak or hear words, is",sensory aphasia,motor aphasia,sensory ataxia,avocalia,A
"In aversive counterconditioning of a sexual fetish using electric shock, the conditioned stimulus is the",fetish object,new response,unconditioned fear,electric shock,A
"In personnel selection, it is appropriate to ask a person's age when",employees in a given age group may not perform as well as some younger employees in the same job,age is a bona fide occupational requirement,properly administered intelligence and personality tests suggest that the incumbent is not likely to perform satisfactorily in the future,standardized test results show thar the incumbent does not have all the aptitudes expected for the particular job,B
"The most frequent training types are occupation-specific technical training, computer related and managerial/supervision training; Needs Analysis is used for determining if and what kind of training is necessary. Which component out of the following ones is not of the Need Analysis?",organization analysis,task analysis,person analysis,program design,D
"""A transformational leader uses """" framing"""" in order to:""",make the organization’s goals more meaningful to employees.,clarify the consequences of undesirable performance.,reduce personal biases in decision-making.,adapt his/her leadership style to the characteristics of subordinates.,A
"As defined in the APA's General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services and the CPA’s Practice Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services, “psychological services” include all of the following except?",the conduct of scientific research,program development,consultation related to assessment and intervention,supervision of psychological services,A
"In a classroom setting, behaviors that are overt, lack a clear-cut beginning and end, and occur with moderate frequency, are best assessed by which of the following types of observational recording techniques",Event,Interval,Rating,Narrative,B
"A psychologist decides to use a computerized test service to facilitate scoring and interpretation of the MMPI-2, which he frequently administers to his clients. The psychologist should be aware that:",the use of computerized interpretations is prohibited by ethical guidelines.,computerized scoring and interpretation services are notoriously unreliable.,computerized interpretations should always be supplemented with other information obtained by the psychologist.,"because of their objectivity, computerized interpretations are preferable to subjective interpretations.",C
Research on bystander intervention indicates that a person in an emergency will be most likely to receive help when the number of bystanders is,one,two,three,four,A
"A person who is actively rejecting the dominant culture and holds rigid, positive beliefs about the minority culture is most likely in what stage of racial/cultural identity development according to Atkinson, Morten, and Sue?",Conformity,Dissonance,Resistance and immersion,Introspection,C
"________ racism is occurring when members of minority groups consistently have less access than members of the majority group to quality education, good jobs, appropriate medical care, and adequate housing.",Cultural,Symbolic,Institutional,internalized,C
"According to Gregory Herek (1992), violence against gays and lesbians is attributable to:",heterosexism.,homophobia.,bigotry.,stigmatization.,A
Assessment Centers differ most sharply from other methods of personnel selection in their use of,longitudinal appraisal,multiaptitude test batteries,projective techniques,performance-based assessment,D
The INTER-SCORER RELIABILITY is used for essay tests or behavioral observation scales and usually involves a coefficient between rater’s scores. What is the Kappa Coefficient?,measure of agreement between 2 raters using nominal scales,elapsed time in which target behaviors occurs,recording all behaviors with narrative description,# of times target behavior occurs,A
Asking the “miracle question” is an initial intervention in which type of therapy?,transtheoretical,interpersonal,REBT,solution-focused,D
When consulting with a colleague about a “therapeutic impasse” you are having with a therapy client:,it is always necessary to advise the client about the consultation.,it is necessary to get a signed waiver of confidentiality from the client before discussing confidential information with the consultant.,it is unnecessary to advise the client of the consultation as long as only information that is relevant to the impasse is discussed.,it is unnecessary to advise the client of the consultation as long as the client's identity is not revealed.,D
"When the spread of scores increases, the variance",decreases,increases,stays the same,can increase or decrease,B
Electrical stimulation of the brain for the treatment of chronic pain,may produce its effects by promoting the release of endogenous opiates-dorphins),may produce its effects by promoting the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine,"is generally effective, but medically ill-advised because such stimulation has aversive properties","is of no practical significance, since stimulation-produced analgesia has been demonstrated only in rats",D
Which of the following is the strongest evidence of a patient's addiction to a substance,Physiological tolerance and withdrawal,A positive urine test for the substance,Serious occupational impairment,Denial of any involvement with the substance,A
The major difference between job enrichment and job enlargements thar job enrichment,provides management with tighter control of work activities,appeals mostly to workers in mass-production-type jobs,gives workers quasi-managerial tasks to perform,lengthens the work cycle,C
Attentional load theory posits:,The unity of our actions places limits on attentional resources,The degree to which an ignored stimulus is processed depends on the extent of processing required by the attended stimulus,Selective attention facilitates inhibition of return,There is a general limit to the extent of attentional resources,B
Tourette’s syndrome has been most consistently linked to abnormalities in which of the following structures of the brain?,dentate gyrus,pons,basal ganglia,mammillary bodies,C
The most common functional psychiatric disorder of later life is,paranoia,depression,hypochondriasis,agoraphobia,B
Which of the following objective criteria for assessing job performance has/have the greatest validity,Absences,Productivity,Accidents,Salary,B
"Frustration always leads to aggression/aggression always predicated by frustration. What does the CATHARSIS THEORY states in this issue, but is unsupported by research?",aggressive act reduces inclination to engages in other aggressive acts,high temperature leads to more aggression,feelings of anonymity lead to more uncharacteristic violence,The assigned roles effect aggressive behavior,A
"In learned helplessness research, it was found that giving solvable problems eliminated the helplessness caused by unsolvable problems. It is argued thar this is due to",a change in attribution with the realization that one can sometimes succeed,the shift in locus of control from internal to external,a practice effect,the application of a partial reinforcement schedule,A
__________ memory is the aspect of memory that is involved in the recall of information acquired within the past few hours to days.,Working,Sensory,Long-term,Prospective,C
Milgram (1965) found that participants in his study were more willing to administer electric shocks to another person when they couldn't see the victim and the victim couldn't see them. This ﬁnding is predicted by Zimbardo’s notion of:,deindividuation.,pluralistic ignorance.,self-verification.,psychological reactance.,A
"After studying for an examination, retention of the learned material is best facilitated by",sleeping,studying a related subject,exercising,studying an unrelated subject,A
"Dr. Harry Holliday, a clinical psychologist, is planning to take a three-week cruise. In terms of his clinical practice, Dr. Holliday’s best course of action would be to:",discuss his vacation plans with his current clients ahead of time so that they know he’ll be unavailable during that time.,give his clients a phone number where he can be reached.,give his clients the phone number of a colleague who has agreed to accept phone calls in emergencies.,hire a colleague to take over his appointments while he is on vacation.,C
"In conducting a study on the relationship between depression and academic achievement, you are collecting third-grade children’s self- report data and their scores on a standardized achievement test. Parents have given informed consent to allow you to assess their children, but two children tell you that they do not want to participate in the study. At this point, which of the following is your most appropriate course of action regarding these two children","Since the parents have consented to participation, the children can be included in the study",You can ask the teacher to discuss with the children why they do not want to participate,"You can obtain information about the children from the teacher, bur cannot collect the children’s self-report data",The children should not be included in the study,D
Dr. Marcos Manzetti uses a “sliding scale” that is based on a client’s current income to set his fees for therapy. Dr. Manzetti’s practice is:,ethically acceptable since it serves the best interests of his clients.,explicitly recommended in the ethical guidelines.,ethically unacceptable since it treats clients inequitably.,explicitly prohibited in the ethical guidelines.,A
"From the perspective of feminist therapy, therapist self-disclosure is:",contraindicated because it puts the client in a passive role.,necessary during the early stages of therapy to encourage the client''s participation.,a means of fostering a special bond between the client and the therapist.,useful for promoting an egalitarian relationship between the therapist and client.,D
"A student participant in a research study involving matched pairs decides to withdraw from the study. The chief investigator (who is a licensed psychologist) stresses to the student the importance of the student’s data to the study, but he insists that his data be withdrawn. The investigator should:",warn the student that withdrawal from the study will affect his course grade.,remind the student that he signed an informed consent and cannot now request that his data be withdrawn.,tell the student that his name will be removed from all data and include his data in the study.,allow the student to withdraw from the study.,D
A psychologist is designing a study that will investigate the impact of age on intelligence. The results of the psychologist’s study will most likely indicate that intelligence test scores begin to decline in early adulthood if she uses which of the following research designs?,cross-sequential,cross-sectional,longitudinal,analogue,B
Cerebral spinal fluid is secreted by the ___________.,Third ventricle,Basal ganglia,Choroid plexus,Pia mater,C
"Your new ‘client is a 37-year-old woman whose symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder. After your third session with her, she tells you that she was in treatment with another psychologist but terminated after the psychologist made sexual advances toward her. She does not want you to discuss this matter with anyone. To be consistent with the provisions of the ethics codes of the American and Canadian Psychology Association, your best course of action would be to:",inform the client of the limits of confidentiality and report the unethical behavior.,inform the client of the limits of confidentiality and contact the other psychologist.,discuss the client's options with her and maintain her confidentiality unless she signs a release.,contact the Ethics Committee to determine what the appropriate steps would be in this situation.,C
The principal effect of the current concern co improve the employment opportunities of the educationally or socially disadvantaged has been to encourage the use in employment testing of,untimed tests of a wide variety of abilities,norm-referenced test,multiple aptitude batteries,work-sample types of tests,D
"The notion that there are three major life tasks – friendship, occupation, and love – is MOST consistent with the philosophy of:",Perls.,Berne.,Rogers.,Adler.,D
"Awareness that traditional healers (e.g., shamans, curanderos, expititistas) have an important place in many minority communities would suggest that",psychologists working in these communities clarify their role vis a-vis traditional healers,psychologists working in these communities assist clients in choosing one mode of therapy over the other,psychologists working in these communities nor use Western psychotherapeutic practices,ethnic minority clients prefer working with traditional healers,A
A psychologist obtains a statistically significant F-ratio for the interaction between two independent variables. This means that:,the effects of one variable are significant across all levels of the second variable.,the effects of one variable are contingent on the level of the second variable.,the main effects of both variables are statistically significant.,the two variables are statistically significant only when considered jointly.,B
A supervisor attempts to increase his inﬂuence by being sensitive to the needs of his subordinates and by acting as a role model. This supervisor is relying on which of the bases of power identiﬁed by French and Raven?,referent,legitimate,expert,charismatic,A
Which of the following is the most common neuropsychological complication of AIDS,Impaired attention and speed of information processing,Impaired cognitive flexibility,Dementia,Impaired visuospatial constructions,C
A correct statement regarding the many different types of treatment available for alcohol abuse is that,community-based (halfway-house) treatments have greater efficacy than hospital-based (inpatient) treatments,no type of treatment has been shown to be effective,there is no established evidence to support the greater efficacy of any one technique overall others,all successful treatments depend in part upon techniques developed by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA),C
Self-control procedures such as those used for controlling alcohol abuse are most easily implemented,early in a response chain,when the drive level is strongest,when competing behaviors are least likely,as close to the point of reinforcements possible,B
A group's performance on a(n) __________ task is limited by the performance of the least skilled or knowledgeable member of the group.,additive,compensatory,disjunctive,conjunctive,D
"Dr. Delbert Dinwoody is currently treating a 35-year-old client who has received a diagnosis of Alcohol Dependence. With the client's permission, Dr. Dinwoody invites the client's wife to participate in couple therapy. Inviting the wife to participate in therapy is:",acceptable as long as he believes couple therapy will benefit the client's progress in dealing with his alcohol problem.,acceptable as long as the wife is not receiving mental health services from another professional.,"""unacceptable because in this situation, the wife is “vulnerable to undue inﬂuence.""""""","""unacceptable because doing so creates a """"conﬂict of interest.”""",A
The most common cause of cerebral palsy is,trauma at the time of birth,dural hemorrhages,measles with accompanying fever,a genetic (autosomal) trait,A
"At the termination of an extensive training program, management may expect to find chat","most trainees have improved, but relative standing is generally maintained",primarily low-ability trainees have improved in performance,primarily high-ability trainees have improved in performance,all trainees are at the same performance level,A
Which of the following strategies would probably be least effective for reducing aggressiveness in children?,exposure to a nonaggressive model,opportunities for catharsis,social skills training,a threat of retaliation from a high-status person,B
Individuals with Moderate Mental Retardation,constitute 2% - 3% of the mentally retarded population,can be trained to perform unskilled work under close supervision,usually acquire academic skills up to approximately eighth-grade level,display minimal or no impairment in sensorimotor functioning,B
A psychiatrist sends a signed patient release form to a psychologist requesting a copy of a report on a patient who was assessed 7 years earlier. The psychologist should,write a letter to the psychiatrist refusing to send the report because too much rime bas elapsed,send the report as requested,contact the patient directly prior to sending the report,send the report with a covering letter indicating thar the report may now be obsolete,D
A research study finds that instituting a law that raises the minimum age for purchasing alcohol from 18 to 21 increases underage drinking among college students. This finding is consistent with the predictions of:,the inoculation model.,cognitive dissonance theory.,psychological reactance theory.,the deindividuation model.,C
What two theories provide the conceptual framework for the evolution of mating adaptations?,Long-term mating and short-term mating,Parental investment and ecological warming,Sexual selection and parental investment,Levels of analysis and sexual selection,C
"According to Carl Rogers, a therapist is “congruent” when the therapist:",is able to accurately “reflect” the client’s feelings.,avoids becoming “emotionally triangulated” with the client.,avoids making judgments about the client’s behaviors.,is authentic and nondefensive.,D
"When the corpus callosum is cut in a right-handed patient, often the patient",cannot carry out well-learned motor tasks with the left hand,Cannot name objects placed in the right hand if the patient can see them,cannot name objects placed in the left hand if the patient cannot see them,shows a decline in verbal intelligence,C
"""A """"cover story"""" that causes research participants to think that the purpose of the study they are participating in is something other than what it really is would be most helpful for controlling which of the following?""",Hawthorne effect,Rosenthal effect,demand characteristics,differential attrition,C
"A student has recently completed a dissertation and is submitting a draft for publication. The student’s advisor contributed by assisting with data analysis and writing a major part of the first publication draft. If the manuscript is published, the student should receive",first authorship with the advisor as second author,firs authorship with the advisor receiving no acknowledgment,first authorship with the advisor receiving acknowledgment in a footnote,second authorship with the advisor as first author,A
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can be most accurately verified by,ruling out other etiologies through a comprehensive psychodiagnostics workup,computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging scan showing cerebral atrophy,brain biopsy,neuropsychological testing showing the expected profile of deficits and spared functions,C
The “needs” of both Murray and Maslow can be considered similar to ___________ from operant conditioning theory.,“Oughts”,Latent conditioners,Reinforcers,Latent punishers,C
Equity theory predicts that a person's satisfaction in a close personal relationship is related to the person's:,perceptions of his/her own contribution/reward ratio and the ratio of his/her partner.,perceptions of the relative utility of the relationship.,comparisons between his/her current relationship and past relationships.,comparisons between his/her own relationship outcomes and the relationship outcomes of others.,A
A widely used procedure for matching client aptitudes to job requirements is the,profile similarity index,multiple cut-off technique,profile coding method,test-by-test matching procedure,B
"In Gestalt therapy, transference is usually",created ab a fantasy of the client,considered a sign that therapy is progressing favorably,worked through via dream work,interpreted to the patient early in treatment,A
"If a psychologist acts as both a fact witness for the plaintiff and an expert witness for the court in a criminal trial, she has acted:",unethically by accepting dual roles.,ethically as long as she did not have a prior relationship with the plaintiff.,ethically as long as she clarifies her roles with all parties.,ethically as long as she obtains a waiver from the court.,C
"When helping a patient to resolve ambivalence, build commitment, and reach a decision to change, which of the following basic principle is not used at Motivational Interviewing:",Does not support self-efficacy for change,Empathy through reflective listening,Roll with resistance,Avoid direct confrontation,A
"The Frequency Distribution provides a summary of a set of data and indicates the number of cases that fall at a given score within a given range. From your knowledge about this topic, which statement out of the following ones is about the SKEWED DISTRIBUTION?",It is commonly called the bell-shaped curve,"It is symmetrical (half falls above the mean, half below)",It has asymmetrical frequency distributions,It is used most common with a large number of data points,C
"A research project compared the performance of learning disabled and of normal students on ten scales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children ~ Revised (WISC-R). Ten univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were run to test for differences between the two groups, but use of a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) would have been more desirable because MANOVA",usually offers greater protection against Type Il error,does not require multiple-comparison follow-up tests in order to interpret significant effects,usually offers greater protection against a Type I error,is conceptually and computationally a simpler and more efficient approach,C
"An employee is receiving counseling from a psychologist through his company's employee assistance program. In this situation, the psychologist can let the employee's supervisor know that the employee is receiving treatment:",under no circumstance.,only if the employee was referred to the program by the supervisor.,only if the supervisor has signed a waiver.,as long as no other information about the treatment is given to the supervisor.,B
"Group A consists of people whose measured interests are highly similar to the interests of engineers, Group B consists of people whose measured interests are highly dissimilar to those of engineers. Which of the following statements would be justified, given that both Group A and Group B entered engineering",Group A members would be more likely to persist in the occupation,Group A and Group B would nor differ in success at or satisfaction with the occupation,Group A members would be more likely to succeed in the occupation,"Group B members would achieve levels of success equal to those of Group A, but would do so more slowly",A
"You have been seeing Leticia Lopez in therapy for several months. Leticia is 24 years old and lives with her widowed mother, who is paying for Leticia’s therapy. One day, Leticia's mother calls and says she is very concerned about Leticia and wants to know what she can do to help Leticia feel better about herself. Mrs. Lopez asks that you not tell Leticia that she has called. Your best course of action in this situation would be to:",Give Mrs. Lopez the specific advice she has requested.,Tell Mrs. Lopez to ask Leticia what she (Mrs. Lopez) can do to help her.,Tell Mrs. Lopez that it would be best if you discussed this matter with Leticia.,suggest that Mrs. Lopez accompany Leticia to her next therapy session.,C
"""On the basis of the results of the t-test a psychologist uses to analyze the data she collects, the psychologist concludes that her results are """"significant at the .01 level."""" This means that:""",there is a 1% chance that she will incorrectly reject the null hypothesis.,there is a 1% chance that she will incorrectly retain the null hypothesis.,there is a 99% chance that she will incorrectly reject the null hypothesis.,there is a 99% chance that she will incorrectly retain the null hypothesis.,A
"You have been treating a teenage male you suspect may have some neurologic difficulties. You inform his parents about your concerns and suggest they send him to a neurologist for an evaluation. Sometime later, the neurologist contacts you and requests your progress notes. You should ___________.",Tell the neurologist the parents need to request the records,Send the records as requested,Inform the neurologist that you would need a release of information signed by your client’s parents,Ask your client whether he wishes to have the records released to the neurologist,C
Studies show that the effect of the presence of others on an individual's performance is to,facilitate the performance of novel and difficult tasks,facilitate the performance of easy tasks,hinder the performance of all tasks,hinder the performance of easy tasks,B
A psychologist is subpoenaed to testify at a deposition about a current therapy client. This means that the psychologist:,must testify about the client as requested.,must appear at the deposition as requested.,must provide the requested documents.,can expect to receive a court order within 60 days.,B
An employee expects greater consistency in the behavior of his boss than is warranted. The employee’s expectation is best accounted for by which of the following?,overjustification hypothesis,self-serving bias,fundamental attribution bias,self-verification theory,C
The term “insanity” is a:,"legal, non-psychiatric term for certain types of mental disorders.","legal, non-psychiatric term for a psychotic disorder with an unknown etiology.",popular (lay) term for a severe mental illness.,psychiatric term that refers to an organic mental disorder.,A
Amnesic Disorders describe conditions where there is memory impairment with no other significant cognitive impairments. Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to Amnesic Disorders?,These disorders cause a loss of recall of learned information = anterograde amnesia.,Someone with condition confabulates to fill in gaps in the memory.,These disorders can be caused by any pathological process that affects brain areas associated with memory.,Amnesic disorders can be associated with hypnotics and sedatives,A
An assessment that uses primarily observational methods to examine and understand the physical and psychological variables that impact behavior in a given environment or setting is a:,Functional behavioral assessment,Work sample,Norm-referenced test,Ecological assessment,D
"In classical psychoanalytic theory, a maladaptive behavior that emerges as a compromise between an unconscious impulse and the resulting defense process is called",fixation,regression,repression,symptom,D
"""According to the elaboration likelihood model, a person is most likely to rely on the “central route"""" for processing information when:""",he thinks the message is boring.,everyone else in the group agrees with the message.,"""the message is within his “latitude of acceptance.""""""",he is in a neutral or slightly negative mood.,D
"For deception in an experiment to be permissible, it is essential that the",merits or value of the scientific investigation warrants the type of deception used,investigator include a careful explanation of the deception within 3 years following the experiment,deception does not involve withholding information about the purpose of the research,deception docs nor significantly mislead participants,A
Research that demonstrates parents who play more roughly with male children and are more protective of female children is most consistent with which theory of gender-role identity development?,Psychodynamic,Social learning,Cognitive development,Gender schema,B
"Children begin to deliberately and regularly use rehearsal, elaboration, and organization as memory strategies by _____ years of age.",2 to 3,5 to 7,9 to 10,13 to 15,C
You regularly waive the co-payment for your low-income clients who are covered by insurance and believe this is acceptable since you normally bill your clients on a sliding fee scale. This is:,a common and ethical practice.,ethical as long as you don't bill the insurance company for an increased hourly fee in order to collect your full fee.,ethical as long as the insurance company does not explicitly prohibit such arrangements.,ethical only if the insurance company is aware of the arrangement.,D
"Among women, which of the following subgroups has been shown to be the most frequent users of suicide prevention services",Young ethnic minority women,Elderly ethnic minority women,Young Caucasian women,Elderly Caucasian women,C
You are conducting a multiple regression analysis and find that one of your predictors has a negative regression coefficient. This means that:,you should eliminate that predictor from the regression equation.,the predictor has an inverse relationship with the criterion.,the predictor is uncorrelated with the other predictors included in the analysis.,you have made a mistake in your data entry or calculations.,B
"In a two-variable situation in which one variable is dichotomous and the other is interval and continuous, which of the following correlation procedures is most appropriate",Point-biserial,Spearman's rho,Phi coefficient,Kendal's tau,A
"Dr. Sam Stone has been hired by a consulting firm to assist with an ongoing research project being conducted at a large company. Dr. Stone is to work directly under the project director, Dr. Thompson, a licensed organizational psychologist. Dr. Thompson asks Dr. Stone to review the preliminary report she has prepared for the project; and, in doing so, Dr. Stone discovers that some of the reported data is misleading and may be inaccurate. Dr. Stone expresses his concerns to Dr. Thompson and is told that “it will be taken care of.” Subsequently, Dr. Stone learns that the report was submitted to the company without any changes. Dr. Stone reviews the ethical guidelines and decides that pursuing the matter further isn't necessary. Dr. Stone's conclusion:",is correct since this situation is not covered by ethical guidelines.,is correct since he has already attempted to resolve the matter in an informal manner as proscribed by ethical guidelines.,is correct since it is the project director’s responsibility to provide the company with complete and accurate data.,is incorrect because he has a responsibility to ensure that the company is provided with complete and accurate data.,D
"In personnel selection, the selection ratio is defined as the",ratio of successful co unsuccessful workers,ratio of the number of successful selected workers to the difficulty level of the job,percent of workers correctly placed in the group hired to do the job,ratio of the number of workers needed to the number of applicants available,D
Quasi-experimental designs are distinguished from true experimental designs on the basis of whether there is,random selection of participants from the population,use of control or comparison groups,random assignment of participants to groups,use of valid and reliable measures of outcome,C
"To serve as an expert witness in a court case, a psychologist must:",be board certified as an expert witness.,be qualified by the court to offer opinions and conclusions about the case.,have been hired by the person he/she will be testifying about.,testify only about what he/she personally observed or obtained.,B
"The reticular formation and reticular activating system are associated with all of the following functions, EXCEPT:",Decussation of auditory stimuli,Alertness,Consciousness,Pain,A
Which is NOT an example of children actively shaping their own development?,Children selecting the contexts in which they participate,Children imposing their subjective appraisal on the context,Children affecting what takes place in the context,Children being conditioned to modify their behavior to the context,D
"If adverse impact on some minority group has been observed, which of the following types of tests probably has the best chance of withstanding legal challenge",Projective,Empirically keyed,Work sample,Multiple-choice,C
The Buckley Amendment establishes:,the right of parents or legal guardians of a child to inspect the child’s school records.,the right of patients to have access to their own hospital records.,the requirement for employers to make reasonable modifications to tests for applicants with disabilities.,the requirement for schools to provide a “free appropriate public education” to students with disabilities.,A
"In a study where groups of children competed against each other, intergroup hostility was lessened by finding tasks that required the efforts of all the children. This approach is an example of",integrative demands,superordinate goals,threat reduction,intergroup contact,B
"According to Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological model, the ______ consists of interactions between elements of the microsystem (e.g., between the family and the school).",mesosystem,exosystem,macrosystem,endosystem,A
"When preparing a psychological testing report, a psychologist is ethically bound to include",only data for which independent corroborating evidence exists,interpretations of the data and limiting circumstances involving the test administration,"raw data, where this is appropriate in the psychologist’s professional judgment",any potential pathology chat the psychologist has cause to suspect may develop,B
Which of the following is the best example of constant error,A subject consistently provides wrong answers to every test item,A psychometrician consistently underestimates IQ scores by 10 points,A test item is answered incorrectly by every student in a given class,A test-retest reliability coefficient is low for several samples,B
"A 38-year-old person is afraid to travel on public transportation. A program of treatment that relies on graduated exposure to traveling by bus, with actual real-life behavioral activities increased across trials, is called",flooding,modeling,reinforced practice,implosion,C
"You want to start treating clients who believe they have been abducted by aliens, but you have never worked with members of this population before. Your best course of action would be to:",start seeing these clients and consult with someone who is familiar with this population if you run into any problems.,start seeing these clients after establishing a consultative relationship with someone who is familiar with this population.,take a continuing education class related to the treatment of members of this population.,place an ad in the National Enquirer to let members of this population know about the availability of your services.,B
A 40-year-old therapist becomes attracted to a 38-year-old client and soon realizes that the feelings are mutual. They discuss the situation and agree to terminate therapy and begin dating. They eventually get married. This is:,ethical since they terminated therapy before beginning to date and since the relationship is a serious one.,ethical since the client is an adult and voluntarily agreed to stop therapy.,unethical because the therapist began dating a former client before the required two-year time limit.,unethical unless the therapist and client both received counseling while dating.,C
"Transformed scores increase the interpretability of raw scores and allow comparison to the rest of the distribution. From your knowledge about Transformed Scores, which statement is not about the Z SCOREs?",raw scores stated in SD terms,score minus the mean divided by the SD,permits comparisons across different measures and tests,tells you how many SDs away from the mean a score is,D
Down Syndrome is caused by:,a dominant gene.,two recessive genes.,a chromosomal abnormality.,an X-linked gene.,C
Stress Inoculation Training involves both skills training and modification of maladaptive cognitions. Which of the following steps is incorrectly defined by a young inexperienced therapist:,PRACTICE→ applies learning to real or imagines situations done on a gradual basis,"SKILLS ACQUISITION→ learning relaxation, self-statements, escape routes not necessary with rehearsing them",COGNITION PREPARATION→ education on how faulty cognitions prevent adaptive coping,"SKILLS ACQUISITION→ learning and rehearsing new skills relaxation, self-statements, escape routes",B
Which of the following best describes ethical guidelines regarding barter as a substitute for the collection of fees for professional psychological services?,Barter may be acceptable when certain conditions are met.,The barter of goods (but not services) is prohibited by ethical guidelines.,The barter of services (but not goods) is prohibited by ethical guidelines.,Barter of any kind is prohibited by ethical guidelines.,A
"According to the theory of planned behavior, the three components of a person's behavioral intention are:","attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.","degree of Liking or attraction, beliefs, and action tendencies.","level of ability, degree of motivation, and extent of behavioral control.","attitudinal strength, social desirability, and perceived self-efficacy.",A
The 1976 Tarasoff decision established:,the right of a parent to inspect and request modifications to his/her child’s school records.,a psychologist’s “duty to protect” the intended victim of a therapy client.,the “80% rule” as a standard for determining the fairness of a selection test or other employment procedure.,a psychologist’s duty to report suspected or known cases of child abuse.,B
"According to one criterion of discrimination, under which of the following conditions would it be safe to assume that a selection test does not discriminate against a particular racial group",No one from the group has applied for a position with the organization using the test,‘The test manual demonstrates chat the test is valid for a wide variety of jobs,“The test rejects applicants from different racial groups in the same proportion,Iris not feasible to conduct separate validity studies on male and female employees,C
A measure of __________ would be most useful for determining the likelihood that employees will remain on the job for a long period of time.,job satisfaction,job productivity,intelligence,motivation,A
Which of the following contributes to a favorable prognosis for psychotherapy,Along history of neurosis,Dependency,Strong reinforcement of symptoms,Misery,D
"In some circumstances, it is proposed chat heredity determines the timing and general nature of a behavior, bur thar environmental experiences at a critical time determine the specific stimulus-response connection which is learned. This form of learning is called",critical learning,maturation,imprinting,social learning,C
"In the research on leadership of children’s groups, which of the following was a major finding concerning group behavior",Children easily adapt to change from an autocratic to a democratic organization,The presence or absence of the leader in the autocratic group made no difference,Laissez-faire groups maintained a task orientation longer than autocratic groups,#NAME?,D
Longitudinal studies of children with specific reading disabilities show that,these children usually have subtle hearing disorders,reading chills usually do not reach normal levels as these children reach adulthood,these children usually excel in sports,the reading impairments usually accompanied by a low vocabulary level,B
Which of the following changes would be characteristic of the “classic aging pattern” as it applies to performance on psychometric tests of intelligence,"Verbal functions are preserved relatively well, bur performance decreases on tests of perceptual-integrative ability","The ability to quickly organize and integrate perceptual stimuli declines, while flexibility of thought improves","Memory retrieval mechanisms remain relatively intact, except for recall of remote memories",Tasks requiring short-term or primary memory show 2 consistent decline,A
The inability to recognize objects by touch alone is most likely the result of damage to the,medulla oblongara,corpus callosum,parietal cortex,pons,C
Long-term potentiation is believed to play a critical role in which of the following?,emotional experience and expression,hunger and thirst,sexual behavior,learning and memory,D
Kurt Lewin's ﬁeld theory predicts that human behavior is:,due more to environmental factors than to psychological factors.,due more to biological factors than to environmental factors.,a function of both the person's own attributes and the characteristics of the environment.,"a function of the microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem.",C
"Although concurrent individual and group therapy may be necessary for some patients, many therapists do not support it. One of the major concerns is that","patients beginning with a group, finding additional sources of support, tend to terminate the individual therapy prematurely",patients wait until they are in their individual sessions before reacting to what occurred in the group,screening procedures for patients may be ignored because a therapist is recommending the group experience,patients use their two therapists’ words to refute group members’ suggestions for behavior change,B
The Leiter International Performance Scale would be most useful for measuring the intelligence of:,adults with visual impairments.,children under the age of two.,children with hearing impairments.,adults who are mentally retarded.,C
"""The statement, “You tripped, but I was pushed"""" BEST illustrates which of the following?""",self-perception bias,actor-observer effect,fundamental attribution bias,self-monitoring,B
"A senior psychologist hires a junior psychologist to conduct a research study. The junior psychologist “runs the experiment” and helps analyze and write up the results. When the research is submitted for publication, professional ethics require thar the junior psychologist be",given credit in a footnote,listed as the first author,thanked for doing a good job,listed as an author,D
Piaget’s theory describes stages of cognitive development ___________.,During infancy only,From birth to late childhood only,From birth through late adolescence only,Throughout the life span,C
"A child is using a spoon in much the same way that the child had used a rattle in the past. In Piaget's theoretical framework, this is an example of",accommodation,assimilation,response fixity,a fixed action pattern,B
"It is a 3-year-old’s first day of preschool. When she arrives at her classroom, she holds on tightly to her mother’s hand and watches the other children play. After a few minutes and some coaxing from her teacher, she begins to help another child complete a puzzle. According to Thomas and Chess, what temperament style does this child have?",Easy,Difficult,Slow to warm up,Secure,C
In which of the following psychotherapies is self-disclosure by the psychologist a specifically recommended and frequently applied technique,Object relations therapy,Transactional analysis,Feminist psychotherapy,Interpersonal therapy,C
Which of the following terms is the best synonym for test validity,Truthfulness,Stability,Replicability,Consistency,A
___________ is caused by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles.,Spina bifida,Meningitis,Hydrocephalus,Encephalitis,C
"The mother of a 31-year-old client that you have been seeing for six months calls to check on her son's progress. She says that she is very concerned about her son and wants to know if there is anything she can do to help him. As an ethical psychologist, you:",advise her in general terms about how she can help her son.,suggest that she make an appointment so you can discuss the matter in person.,suggest that she come to therapy with her son at his next appointment.,tell her that you cannot discuss her son’s condition with her.,D
The scoring criterion categories for the Exner Scoring System used to score the Rorschach Inkblot Test include all of the following except:,Color,Popular,Content,Location,A
"MRI is preferred over CT (computed tomography) in all of the following scenarios, EXCEPT:",The detection of a small tumor,The detection of a skull fracture,The detection of acute cerebral infarct,The detection of white matter abnormalities,B
Benzodiazepines must be used cautiously as ___________.,They are expensive,They can lead to dependence,They can cause agranulocytosis,There is never a use for them,B
Teddy Roosevelt was weak and ill as a child but grew up to be a robust adult and coined the term “rugged individualism.” He also became associated with the slogan “speak softly but carry a big stick.” This outcome is predicted by _________ theory of personality.,Adler’s,Rogers’s,Perls’s,Jung’s,A
Trainability tests are:,paper-and-pencil tests that assess the aptitudes required for a particular job.,paper-and-pencil tests that assess motivation and other job-related attitudes.,work samples that incorporate a structured period of learning and evaluation.,multimodal assessment techniques used to determine what training current workers require.,C
The Systems Theory claims that a group of interaction components constitute together an entire organization. Which of the following properties of a family system is incorrectly defined:,"EQUIFINALITY: end result is the same, no matter where you enter the system",WHOLENESS: whole is greater than sum of parts,HOMEOSTASIS→ system restores status quo when disrupted,POSITIVE FEEDBACK→ disrupting homeostasis by creating deviations in the status quo,B
"As a child, Fara’s responsibilities were to help her mother in the kitchen while her brother and father mowed the lawn. She was expected to do the housework like her mother while her brother did yard work like their father. What part of Feminist Therapy addresses these issues?",Self In Relation,Feminist Object Relations,Empowerment Therapy,Household Responsibilities,B
"People rely on which of the following to determine how to act in specific situations (e.g., at a faculty meeting, at a wedding, or in a restaurant)?",heuristics,prototypes,scripts,life space,C
"In comparing Asian and Asian-American therapy clients to Anglo clients, the experts frequently point out that the former:",tend to prefer a less directive therapeutic approach.,are grounded more in the here-and-now than in the past or the future.,respond better when goal-setting is delayed.,are likely to express emotional problems as somatic symptoms.,D
"The neuropsychological evaluation of a 70-year-old retired professional indicates low average intelligence with poor problem-solving, word- finding difficulty, poor visuomotor coordination, and definite memory impairment. The patient has limited awareness of these deficits. The most probable diagnosis is",Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type,pseudodementia,Korsakoff’s syndrome,normal aging effects,A
"Asking an obese person to restrict eating to limited situations, such as a specific place in the kitchen at particular predetermined times of day, is best described as an example of",stimulus control,response control,seif-punishment,self-monitoring,D
Which is NOT a contributor to individual differences in the development of vocal language skills?,Variation in the support for language acquisition in the social environment,Hearing loss,The quality of nonparental early care and education experiences,The particular native language in a child’s environment,D
"When the correlation between high school students’ GPA and amount of time they spend studying each week is ____, this means that about 15% of variability in GPA is accounted for by amount of time spent studying.",0.02,0.15,0.39,0.85,C
"Numerous factor-analytic studies have been performed on tests of motor function (e.g., Purdue Pegboard). In general, these studies have revealed that","two factors, speed and strength, account for most of the common variance",most motor functions are well represented by intelligence,most motor functions correlate highly and form 2 single factor,most motor functions are highly specific,D
The rational-economic model of decision-making is based on the assumption that:,decision-makers place more emphasis on the costs of certain decisions than on other consequences of their decisions.,decision-makers have complete information about all alternatives and their consequences before making decisions.,"individuals are better than groups at making decisions, especially under stressful conditions.",decision-makers’ knowledge about possible alternatives is always incomplete.,B
"After 6 months of once-2-week therapy and several attempts to evaluate and adjust treatment goals and strategies, a patient continues to complain over several sessions thar therapy has not helped and that therapy goals have not been met. The psychologist should",immediately terminate treatment and refer the patient elsewhere,discuss the possibility that the patient consult with another therapist,treat this as an instance of resistance,increase the frequency of sessions,B
Which of the following vocational interest inventories is not tied to Holland’s theory of vocational interest?,Kuder Occupational Interest Survey,Strong Interest Inventory,The Campbell Interest and Skill Survey,Self-Directed Search,A
TYPE II ERROR is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis. The Power is the probability of NOT making a Type II error and is effected by several factors. Which factor out of the following ones that have influence on the power is incorrectly defined?,Sample Size→ power decreases with sample size increase,Alpha→ power increases as alpha level increases,1-tailed tests have higher power,"as differences between populations means increase, power increases",A
"Although itis rarely feasible to engage in such a practice, the most valid way for psychotherapists to monitor the quality of their own services is to",attempt as dispassionately possible to estimate the success of their therapeutic efforts,consult regularly with fellow therapists who provide mutual review of one another's cases,engage the services of a consultant who reviews rape recordings of pical sessions conducted by the therapists,check in an objective manner their clients’ ability to cope with their problems,D
The goodness-of-fit developmental mode! proposed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess describes,how competing adaptation styles work together in the development of a healthy relationship,ways in which adolescents search for a vocational identity,how temperamental style and the environment work together to determine later development,the negative consequences for children when parents do not agree with each other about parenting practices,C
A female client finds her financial circumstances altered drastically after her divorce and she can no longer afford your fee. Your responsibility is to,provide her with a low-fee session to bring the therapy relationship to an end,help her locate alternative sources of financing for therapy,"make sure that she is provided with needed services, from you or from others, at a fee she can afford","write letter of termination, stating your willingness to resume therapy when she is again able to afford it",C
Babbling ordinarily begins at about 4 to 5 months of age and initially includes:,phonemes from all languages.,phonemes from the child’s native language only.,morphemes from all languages.,morphemes that the child has heard most frequently.,A
Which of the following has the highest predictive validity in personnel selection in industry,A projective technique,An objective personality inventory,An interview by the personnel manager,A biographical inventory,D
A primary concern about the long-term use of chlorpromazine is that it may result in the development of which of the following?,acute hypertensive crisis,profound anterograde amnesia,tardive dyskinesia,renal toxicity,C
the study‘s prospective value.,do not have to be told the true purpose as long as the use of deception is justified by,do not have to be told the true purpose unless not to do so is likely to cause them substantial psychological harm.,should be debriefed about the true purpose as soon as possible after their participation.,must be debriefed about the true purpose immediately after their participation.,C
"According to EQUITY THEORY in any work situation, people assess both their inputs and outcomes and compare the ratio to other workers and underpayment has a greater impact on worker performance than overpayment. To what does the PROCEDURAL JUSTICE refer to?",fairness of outcomes,perceptions of outcome,fairness of procedures,inconsistency of treatment,C
"In Bandura's social learning theory, the concept of seif-reinforcement is critical for explaining how in the absence of external reward",socially appropriate behavior can be learned in the absence of models,rival responses are acquired,learned behavior is maintained over time,children can overcome the negative effects of poor models,C
A meta-analysis of the research by Baltes and his colleagues (1999) indicates that instituting flexitime in an organization is likely to have the greatest beneficial effects on which of the following?,absenteeism,self-rated performance,satisfaction with work schedule,productivity,A
"Of the following, the most accurate statement about hypnotic induction is that it",is harmful to many clients,allows the therapist to control the client’s behavior,can be terminated by the client,works better with less intelligent clients,C
The denominator term in the F-ratio is reduced in magnitude by:,decreasing within-group variability.,increasing within-group variability.,increasing between-group variability and decreasing within-group variability.,decreasing between-group variability and increasing within-group variability,A
"With regard to minority and nonminority clients, psychotherapy is",more effective for nonminority clients,equally effective,more effective for minority clients,more effective when client and therapist have the same racial/ethnic origins,B
"""A friend of yours says, “Every time I plan a vacation, there's always a crisis at home or work so that I can't go."""" Assuming that this is not really true, your friend's statement best illustrates which of the following?""",psychological reactance,base rate fallacy,illusory correlation,fundamental attribution bias,C
Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory identifies which of the following as the initial stage of gender-role acquisition?,gender affirmation,gender identity,gender constancy,gender stability.,B
Analyses of social power in consulting relationships emphasize the importance of which two forms of power,Reward and legitimate,Expert and referent,Coercive and symbolic,Expert and informational,B
Psychoanalytic theory states that anxiety arises from,incongruence between the stranger and the memory of the mother to whom the stranger is compared,a failure to dissolve a symbiotic attachment,an inability to cope with new situations,a failure of defenses to modulate excitation adequately,D
"In general, children who have a high activity level tend to react to pressure by",becoming anxious,becoming passive,increasing nonproductive motor activity,becoming physically and behaviorally abusive,C
"Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and right-left confusion are symptoms of which of the following?",Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,Addison’s disease,Gerstmann’s syndrome,Geschwind syndrome,C
"Parametric Tests are used when data is interval or ration. There are 3 types of T-tests; from your knowledge about T-tests, for what is the t-test for Independent Samples used?",It compares to means from unrelated samples,It compares that sample mean to a known population mean,It compares 2 means from related samples,"It is used for Matched samples, pre- and post- tests",A
"According to ethics codes published by the American and Canadian Psychological Associations, if a psychologist knows of an ethical violation of a minor nature by a colleague, the psychologist",must report the violation to the APA Ethics Committee,may choose to ignore the violation,must report the incident to the state/provincial licensing board,may attempt to resolve the problem informally,D
"For a Gestalt therapist, a primary goal of treatment is to help the client:",integrate the present with his/her past and future.,integrate the various aspects of the self.,develop a “success identity.”,develop a “healthy style of life.”,B
"When it comes to Controlling for Threats to Internal Validity, there is a certain difference between RANDOM ASSIGNMENT AND RANDOM SELECTION. From your knowledge about this topic, in what does it consist?",assignment is how you choose people for the study,selection is what group they go in,selection is how you choose people for the study and assignment is what group they go in,"selection- adds additional experimental groups, while assignment identifying subjects who are similar on the EV and dividing between groups",C
Which of the following is most likely to produce symptoms similar to those resulting from anxiety,A deficiency of ACTH,An excess of testosterone,Addison's disease,Hyperthyroidism,D
"According to empirical research, which of the following is the best psychological treatment for obsessive—compulsive and agoraphobic disorders",Cognitive restructuring,Systematic desensitization,Cue-controlled relaxation training,In vivo exposure and response prevention,D
"There are different forms of the ANOVA (FACTORIAL ANOVA, MANOVA, ANCOVA etc). When is the ACOVA form used?",when there are 2 or more IVs,when study has 2 or more DVs,when all subjects receive all levels of the IV,used to adjust DV scores to control for the effects of an EV,D
"The belief that an unhealthy style of life stems from self-centered, competitive goals is most consistent with the theory of personality proposed by whom?",Freud,Jung,Rogers,Adler,D
"Dr. Isaac Ibraham, a licensed psychologist, wants to expand his private practice. When doing so, he should keep in mind that uninvited in-person solicitations for therapy clients are:",always ethical.,always unethical.,unethical only when they provide potential clients with misleading or inaccurate information.,unethical when the solicited individuals are susceptible to exploitation or undue influence.,D
h former therapy clients.,Psychologists are prohibited from having sexual intimacies with former therapy clients under any circumstances.,Psychologists are prohibited from having sexual intimacies with former therapy clients for at least one year following the termination of therapy.,"Psychologists are prohibited from having sexual intimacies with former therapy clients in certain circumstances (e.g., when there is a risk of exploitation).",Psychologists are not prohibited from having sexual intimacies with former therapy clients.,C
An organizational psychologist would most likely recommend the use of vestibule training for which of the following jobs?,airline pilot,word processor,salesperson.,clinical psychologist.,A
Self-verification theory predicts that a husband who has low self-esteem and is overweight and chronically depressed will prefer his wife to:,"not comment on his abilities, weight, and mood.","make neutral comments about his abilities, weight, and mood.",conﬁrm his negative self-evaluations.,contradict his negative self-evaluations.,C
"A parent in family A delays for a long time before responding to a crying infant. In family B, a crying infant receives immediate attention. At night, a crying infant receives no attention in either family. According to traditional leaning theories, it would be anticipated that","for each infant, the length of nighttime crying will depend on the level of arousal",family A’s infant will cry for longer periods of time at night,family B’s infant will cry for longer periods of time at night,neither infant will tend to cry more than the other at any time,B
"In a research study, a social psychologist offers participants either $1.00 or $20.00 to tell potential participants that a dull experiment was very interesting. With regard to cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory, which of the following is true?","Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that participants in the $1.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment, while self-perception theory predicts that participants in the $20.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment.","Self-perception theory predicts that participants in the $1.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment, while cognitive dissonance theory predicts that participants in the $20.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment.",Cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory both predict that participants in the $1.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment than will those in the $20.00 condition.,Cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory both predict that participants in the $20.00 condition will subsequently report greater liking for the dull experiment than will those in the $1.00 condition.,C
"You are subpoenaed to appear at a deposition to testify about a former client of yours. During the deposition, the attorney for the opposing party asks you to provide confidential client information. You should:",refuse to provide the information without a court order.,assert the privilege unless the client has signed a waiver.,provide the information if you believe it is pertinent to the case.,provide the information since privilege is waived in this situation.,B
HOUSE’S PATH-GOAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP predicts that subordinate satisfaction and motivation are maximized when they believe the leader is helping. How is the Instrumental leadership style?,establishes supportive relationships with subordinates,includes subordinates in decision-making,provides specific guidelines and clear rules and procedures,sets challenging goals and encourage higher levels of performance,C
"The following are methods of increasing reliability and validity in qualitative research designs, EXCEPT:",Triangulation,Audits,Inductive processes,Member checking,C
"In terms of training program evaluation, Kirkpatrick (1976) contends that _______ criteria are the most important criteria to evaluate but are often the most difficult to develop and, therefore, the most infrequently used.",learning,behavioral,reaction,results,D
The vocalizations of deaf and normal children differ in that,"during the second half of the first year, normal children increase the variety of sound, whereas deaf children do now","deaf children vocalize more than normal children during the first 6 months, then less thereafter","normal children babble extensively, whereas deaf infants do not","during the first 6 months, normal children increase their range of sound output more than deaf children do",A
"For all sensory systems except olfaction, the afferent sensory pathways include the",cerebellum,thalamus,caudate nucleus,inferior colliculus,B
"In which type of research there is no manipulation of research done and variables are just measured, not manipulated? From your knowledge about research designs and strategies, choose the correct answer.",QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH,TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH,CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH,DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH,C
The first standardized measure of assessment was:,Stanford Binet,Binet–Simon Scale,Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale,Raven’s Progressive Matrices,B
"As director and practicing professional psychologist for a North American Indian mental health center on a reservation, which of the following programmatic efforts should you incorporate into your culturally sensitive model of mental health care","Include indigenous paraprofessionals, including traditional healers, who will facilitate acceptance and effectiveness of the program","Ensure that all mental health care is provided on the facility’s site, in order to maintain objectivity and accountability","Set out specific clinical-care guidelines chat model mainstream medicine, in order to socialize clients into the mental health care systema","Employ only providers who are licensed, competent, and able to communicate mainstream mental health care effectively",A
The Standard for Educational and Psychological Testing provides,"reliability and validity data on over 3000 tests, along with minimum training requirements needed to administer, score, and interpret each test",derailed legal requirements for the use of tests and manuals,"criteria by which tests and manuals should be judged, and which tests should strive to meet",lists of approved tests and manuals,C
You would use the Solomon four-group design in order to:,eliminate carryover effects.,reduce demand characteristics.,evaluate the impact of pretesting.,evaluate the effects of history and maturation.,C
"If, during a postexamination discussion with parents, a psychologist establishes that a child’s new pediatrician is apparently unaware of the child's history of brain damage. which is very important in understanding the problem situation, the psychologist should",tell the parents that he/she will inform the pediatrician,urge the parents to grant him/her permission to inform the pediatrician,cell the parents char be/she is legally obligated to inform the pediatrician,cell the parents that it is their responsibility to inform the pediatrician,B
"Life span developmental theories, such as Baltes’s Selective Optimization with Compensation theory,",Focus mainly on the development of psychopathology over time,Describe development as a process of growth (gain) and decline (loss),Do not account for environmental influences on development,All of the above,B
The most likely use of an “in-basket” technique in personnel selection would be with which type of employee,Clerical,Sales,Managerial,Secretarial,C
Berkowitz (1971) revised the original frustration-aggression hypothesis by proposing that frustration leads to aggression when:,acting aggressively is likely to produce desirable outcomes.,there are aggressive cues in the environment.,the aggressor has an internal locus of control.,the target of the aggression is of lower-status than the aggressor.,B
A psychologist places an ad in a local newspaper claiming a guaranteed cure for anxiety.,The ad is not ethical because psychologists are not allowed to advertise,The ad is ethical because the psychologist is an excellent psychologist,The ad is unethical because it makes misleading claims of effectiveness,The ad is ethical because even psychologists are protected by the First Amendment protecting one’s freedom of speech,C
Psychologists call the pathway that connects the past with the present and the future a(n) ___________.,Organizational process,Developmental trajectory,Developmental approach,Theoretical model,B
The psychology licensing exam (EPPP) is best described as:,a way to protect the public from incompetent psychologists.,a measure of knowledge that is foundational to the competent practice of psychology.,a predictor of the job performance of professional psychologists.,a way of determining if psychologists need additional training or supervision before being licensed.,B
"A college freshman obtains a score of 150 on his English final exam, a score of 100 on his math exam, a score of 55 on his chemistry exam, and a score of 30 on his history exam. The means and standard deviations for these tests are, respectively, 125 and 20 for the English exam, 90 and 10 for the math exam, 45 and 5 for the chemistry exam, and 30 and 5 for the history exam. Based on this information, you can conclude that the young man's test performance was best on which exam?",English,math,chemistry,history,C
The classic aging pattern is defined as 2 decline on which subtest(s) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised,All Verbal subtests,All Performance subtests,Vocabulary subtest only,Block Design subtest only,B
"A couple brings their ten-year-old son to therapy at the suggestion of his school counselor who is concerned because the boy has started arguing with his teacher and getting into physical fights with his classmates. After several sessions with the boy and his family, you receive a letter from the school principal requesting information about the boy's condition, and a signed release from the boy's parents is included with the letter. As an ethical psychologist, you should:",refuse to release the records to anyone but a licensed psychologist.,refuse to release the records to anyone but the boy’s parents.,release only that information you believe to be relevant to the school’s concerns.,release photocopies of your complete file on the boy and his family.,C
Which of the following is an example of a double-bind message,"A father tells his son, “I sure hope you can come to the movies with us tonight,” when his tone and posture thar he does not hope so","A mother tells her daughter, “Good move,” when the daughter drops and breaks a dinner plate","A teacher tells a student, “You can do that if you want to, but you'll get into trouble.”","A teacher tells a student, “You can do that if you want to, but I would appreciate it if you would not",A
"With respect to the relationship between achievement and anxiety in schoolchildren, it appears that",mildly anxious children are better achievers than more anxious ones,non-anxious children are better achievers than mildly anxious ones,"some anxiety normally facilitates learning, and only for a few learners is there a point beyond which anxiety impedes learning",there is no systematic relationship; anxiety measures are of no help in predicting achievement,A
The emotional state of the mother during pregnancy,can affect such variables as activity level and birth weight of the fetus,produces an immediate emotional reaction in the fetus,has no apparent effect on the fetus,may determine the predominant emotional orientation of the child,A
A person who recognizes a need to change certain behavior but exhibits ambivalence would most likely be in which stage of change?,Precontemplation stage,Indicative stage,Contemplation stage,Maintenance stage,C
Which of the following correctly completes the analogy: “Vision is to hearing as,parietal lobe is to temporal lobe.”,occipital lobe is to parietal lobe.”,frontal lobe is to occipital lobe.”,occipital lobe is to temporal lobe.”,D
Dr. Ryan is a psychotherapist in a small town. She receives a phone call from a man she was sexually involved with several years ago. The relationship lasted only three months and ended amicably. The man is now married and is having problems unrelated to their past relationship. He has called to see if he can begin seeing Dr. Ryan in therapy. Dr. Ryan should:,see the man only if she determines that their past relationship will not interfere with her objectivity.,see the man only if their relationship ended more than two years ago and she determines that it will not interfere with her objectivity.,see the man but discuss the potential for conﬂicts with him before beginning treatment.,refer the man to a colleague.,D
"When there is a conflict between ethical obligations and legal requirements, a psychologist should ordinarily:",choose the course of action that adheres to ethical obligations.,choose the course of action that adheres to legal requirements.,attempt to resolve the conflict but adhere to legal requirements when this is not possible.,attempt to resolve the conflict but adhere to ethical obligations when this is not possible.,C
Which of the following is NOT true about the difference between traditional research and program evaluation?,"Program evaluation questions are often identified through the needs of a program’s staff and stakeholders, while traditional research questions are identified by researchers using previous, existing research.",Program evaluation uses unique quantitative and qualitative methodologies to collect data. These methods are different from those that are used in traditional research.,"Traditional research and program evaluation have different aims. Traditional research aims to test existing theories and discover generalizable knowledge, while program evaluation aims to collect information important for timely decision-making.",Both traditional research and program evaluation may incorporate rigorous and systematic ways of collecting data in order to address their aims.,B
"Alice, age 14, is certain that everyone is looking at her because she has a large blemish in the middle of her forehead. According to Elkind (1967), Alice’s belief is a manifestation of:",self-conscious emotions.,the “personal fable.”,social referencing.,the “imaginary audience.”,D
"According to ethics codes published by the American and Canadian Psychological Associations, psychologists participating in forensic activities should avoid misleading testimony or reports by",stating conclusions in tentative terms,refusing to testify if they have had 2 prior professional relationship with one of the parties,providing access to psychometric information,acknowledging the limits of their data or conclusions,D
Which of the following statements is most closely related to the projective hypothesis,Social functioning is a reflection of psychological functioning,Psychological functioning is a reflection of social functioning,The use of the defense mechanism of projection is symptomatic of impulses “projected” onto the environment,The way an individual interprets ambiguous situations will reflect inner aspects of psychological functioning,D
Emic approaches to multicultural counseling training are often advocated on the basis of,difficulty in gaining knowledge regarding a large number of cultural groups,the presence of many members of a particular cultural group in the training program's catchment area,the need to focus on personal and cultural meaning for each individual client,the need to view culturally different groups in similar ways,C
Which concept and stage are appropriately matched according to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?,Centration—concrete operational stage,Egocentrism—sensorimotor stage,Hypothetical-deductive reasoning—formal operational stage,Object permanence—preoperational stage,C
"When subjected to moderate punishment, an instrumental response of moderate strength will",be eliminated,be strengthened,be suppressed,remain unchanged,C
"A ten-year-old boy, tested with a paper-and-pencil intelligence test, obtained an IQ score of 130. Two years later, he was tested with an alternate form of the same test. Most likely, the obtained score on the second testing would be",more than 130,less than 130,130,"130, but with a different pare of subtest scores",B
Your client is on probation and your ongoing treatment is a condition of his probation. He informs you that he wishes to terminate treatment. You should ___________.,Inform your client’s probation officer,Insist that your client stay in therapy,Agree to termination because your client has free choice,Discuss the possible ramifications and legal consequences of terminating therapy without informing his probation officer,D
"The ____________ provides information on the four cognitive abilities identified by Luria (1980) – i.e., planning, attention, simultaneous processing, and sequential processing.",Slosson Intelligence Test Primary,Cognitive Assessment System,Kuhlman-Anderson Test,Woodcock Johnson III,B
Which of the following statements best characterizes short-term memory,It processes only raw sensory data,Its span is limited by the number and form of the items presented,It is relatively unaffected by interference,It is the initial level of processing of sensory information,B
Spinal cord injury at the ________ level is most likely to result in quadriplegia.,lumbar,sacral,cervical,thoracic,C
"While the nature and extent of measured intellectual decline during aging is not well established, a consistent finding is a/an",increase in problem-solving ability,increase in word fluency,decrease in vocabulary,increase in response time,D
Dr. Donald Dreadmire is starting a therapy group for recently divorced men. He tells the editor of the local newspaper (who has just divorced his wife) that he can attend the group for free if the editor includes an article about the program in the newspaper. Dr. Dreadmire has acted:,ethically since his request does not violate ethical guidelines.,ethically as long as the editor accurately describes the program.,unethically because his request is exploitative and violates ethical guidelines.,unethically only if the arrangement negatively impacts his objectivity when working with the editor in therapy.,C
Job satisfaction is an accurate predictor of:,both job performance and health.,job performance but not health.,health but not job performance.,neither job performance nor health.,C
Operant extinction would NOT be the treatment-of-choice when:,an alternative behavior cannot be identified.,the behavior has been reinforced on a continuous schedule.,a temporary increase in the behavior cannot be tolerated.,the baseline levels of the behavior cannot be established.,C
The research suggests that people who frequently view TV shows that depict violent acts:,tend to overestimate the chance that they will be the victims of violence.,tend to underestimate the chance that they will be the victims of violence.,tend to overestimate the chance that they will be the perpetrators of violence.,are no different than those who do not view violent shows when estimating the chance they will be the victims or perpetrators of violence.,A
Margaret Mahler proposed that the development of a sense of self is the related to:,separation-individuation.,projective identification.,pseudomutuality.,assimilation-accommodation.,A
Job satisfaction appears to be most negatively correlated with,intelligence level,turnover rare,isolation from colleagues,educational level,B
Which of the following is not represented in DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for problem gambling?,Tolerance,Withdrawal,Legal problems,Lying,C
A psychologist who is teaching a graduate course in counseling techniques at a state university has not updated the lecture notes or textbook selection for 7 years. This behavior is ethically questionable with respect to,academic freedom,legal standards,humanitarian mission,competence,D
"An evaluation of a particular treatment fails to show an overall effect. However, the experimenter does find thar the most severely disturbed do show considerable improvement, and therefore concludes that the treatment is effective with extreme cases. This conclusion",is valid if t test comparing severely disturbed patients with less severely disturbed patients is significant,fails to take into account regression toward the mean,fails to take into account historical and maturational variables,fails to take into account the fact thar the “placebo effect” is most pronounced in severely disturbed patients,B
"Research on gender differences in conversation style indicates that, when compared to men, women:",talk for longer periods of time.,ask more questions.,interrupt more often.,make more eye contact.,B
"When cross-validation of a set of predictors results in great shrinkage of an initially encouraging multiple correlation coefficients, it is most likely chat",the selection of weights for the predictors capitalized on chance,none of the predictor variables was sufficiency reliable,the number of independent variables used in the first study was too small,the criterion variable was unreliable,A
Which of the following satisfies the criteria for tertiary prevention in a school setting,Individual counseling for students resuming from an institutional care facility,Career guidance offered students unsure about plans after graduation,Small-group counseling of students affected by initial stages of divorce,Large-group programs emphasizing development of children's self- esteem,A
"""According to Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership model, """"employee maturity"""" is a function of the employee’s:""",stage of career development.,personality.,skills and willingness to assume responsibility.,beliefs about the meaning and value of work.,C
"In most situations, the “holder of the privilege” is:",the therapist.,the client.,the therapist and client jointly.,the court.,B
Experiencing intense feelings of shame and guilt upon admitting to a counselor that a family problem exists is common among traditional,Asian-Americans,African-Americans,Hispanics,Native North Americans,A
"Dr. Ja-Hoon Jang is conducting a research study that involves interviewing junior high school students about their relationships with peers. Prior to beginning the study, Dr. Jang obtained informed consents from the parents of the students as well as assents from the students themselves. During the course of the study, one of the students says he doesn’t want to complete the interview. Dr. Jang should:",tell the student that he cannot withdraw from the study since one of his parents has signed an informed consent.,tell the student that he cannot withdraw from the study since he (the student) agreed to participate at the beginning of the study.,contact the student’s parents to ask them to encourage their son to complete the interview.,allow the student to withdraw from the study.,D
The research on leadership indicates that,there are no consistent findings except under extreme conditions,effective leaders need to integrate themselves fully into the group,a large number of situational factors are important in determining effective leadership,"democratic leadership is the most effective, in agreement with Lewin’s early findings",C
Konrad Lorenz’s (1957) research on “imprinting” led to the search for __________ in human infants.,a critical period for attachment,a biological explanation for language acquisition.,a sensitive period for social referencing,a biological mechanism for recognition memory.,A
"According to the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, when interpreting and reporting test results, one should",focus attention on the confidence interval of a score rather than on the obtained score itself,"use descriptive labels, because such labels readily communicate specific meanings to most people","stress the obtained score, since it is the best estimate of the true score",exclude the potential effects of situational and demographic variables from consideration,A
"Compared to individuals in their 20s, which of the following is an advantage to having children after the age of 30?",Older parents typically have more income for additional expenses due to established careers,Older mothers have fewer medical complications during pregnancy and birth,Older parents have not had time to build up expectations about children’s behavior,Older parents have more physical energy and time to play with their young children,A
"The belief that a child's misbehavior has one of four goals — i.e., attention, revenge, power, or to display inadequacy — is most consistent with:",Beck’s cognitive-behavioral therapy.,Adler’s individual psychology.,Perls’s Gestalt therapy.,Mahler’s object relations theory.,B
The best conclusion that can be drawn about the four-day ( compressed) workweek is that it has:,long-lasting positive effects on attitudes and productivity.,long-lasting negative effects on attitudes and productivity.,positive effects on attitudes but little or no impact on productivity.,"positive effects on attitudes initially but, over time, increasingly negative effects on both attitudes and productivity.",C
"One of the key areas of debate in the early stages of Developmental Psychology was the so called, Nature vs. Nurture debate. Academics agreed that there was interaction between these two factors but there was wide disagreement concerning the degree of interaction. Which of the following terms, that relate to either genetic or environmentally caused changes, describes the differences in timing of physical changes that are found in children belonging to different cohorts?",Sensitive period.,Secular trends.,Canalization?,Critical period.,B
A person with Wernicke's aphasia has impaired language comprehension and:,nonfluent and unintelligible speech.,nonfluent but intelligible speech.,fluent but unintelligible speech.,fluent and intelligible speech.,C
The primary purpose of a realistic job preview is to:,increase the number of applicants for a job.,develop an accurate job description.,reduce on-the-job conflicts between managers and employees.,reduce employee dissatisfaction and turnover.,D
Most babies say their first words at about _____ months of age.,7,9,12,15,C
Which of the following best describes the best ethical position on bartering with clients?,Bartering is ethical because both parties benefit,Psychologists should never barter for services,Bartering is ethical and acceptable if it is not clinically contraindicated and not exploitative,Bartering is ethical only if the client is not otherwise able to pay for services,C
A psychologist has been asked to oversee a group that will be designing training programs to enable outplaced workers to fil existing jobs in community organizations. The firs: step the group should cake is to,determine the skill levels and job satisfaction of currently employed people in the community,evaluate the self-esteem of each outplaced worker,perform job analyses for all jobs for which training will be offered,develop training objectives for all jobs for which training will be offered,C
Which of the following is most likely a violation of ethical guidelines?,a brochure containing client testimonials mailed to potential attendees at a conference for adult children of alcoholics,an advertisement offering a free initial therapy session that is published in the campus newspaper just prior to final exams,uninvited in-person solicitations for therapy of hurricane victims that destroyed their homes,a display ad for psychotherapy services in the yellow pages of the local telephone directory,C
Information disclosed by a child client to a psychologist may be kept confidential except when the client reports,sexual abuse,frequent homosexual activities,strong feelings of attraction to the therapist,extreme feelings of depression,A
Vocational interest inventories are generally not recommended as,educational decision-making aids,employment selection devices,aids to seif-understanding,occupational information sources,B
Which of the following is the proper comparison rate for studying the effectiveness of a new psychotherapy,Incidence in the population of the disorder being eared,Relapse in those who experience spontaneous remission,Cure rate for the currently most effective therapists,Cure rare for current treatment modalities,D
"In a skewed smooth distribution with a tail exended to the left, the statistic with the highest value is the",standard deviation,mode,median,mean,B
"Carol and Jim are experiencing marital difficulties. They have two school-aged children, a boy and a gid. According to meta-analysis of research on the relationship between marital discord and child behavior problems, it would be expected that",neither child is more likely to manifest an immediate behavior problem than are children of stable marriages,the girl is more likely than the boy to manifest an immediate behavior problem,the boy is more likely than the girl to manifest an immediate behavior problem,both children ore equally likely to manifest an immediate behavior problem,C
What are the four tenets of analytical psychotherapy according to Jung?,"Self-regulating psyche, the unconscious, family, therapist–patient relationship","Self-regulating psyche, the unconscious, therapist–patient relationship, stages of self-improvement","Id, ego, superego, libido","Archetypes, unconscious, self-esteem, social needs",B
Anxiety induced by reading about an automobile accident some months after having had such an accident best described as an instance of,mediated generalization,higher-order conditioning,latent learning,response shaping,A
"A psychologist who shares an office with another psychologist reruns around midnight to retrieve some papers and unexpectedly comes upon the colleague engaging in sexual relations with one of that colleague's clients. According to ethics codes published by the American and Canadian Psychological Associations, the first psychologist should",speak with the colleague privately to resolve this incident informally,"report the colleague to the appropriate local, state/provincial, or national ethics committee",say nothing further regarding this incident unless there is 2 complaint from the client,contact the colleague's client to offer assistance and/or professional advice,B
An educational psychologist designs a screening test to identify underachieving first- and second-grade children who have a learning disability. The psychologist will probably be most concerned that her test has adequate __________ validity.,content,construct,concurrent,predictive,C
"Following the retirement of his business partner, Dr. Sheldon Smythe is the only psychologist in a small town, and the next closest mental health professional works in a town that is over 100 miles away. Several of Dr. Smythe’s new clients have problems for which he has limited training and experience. Dr. Smythe should:",refuse to see the clients.,see these clients but use only interventions that he has experience using.,see the clients and obtain supervision or consultation by telephone.,agree to see these clients only if they are experiencing a crisis.,C
Research into ___________ has helped us understand paradoxical reward.,Frustration,Conditioning,Attachment,Homeostasis,A
Dr. Mansfield Mayhem receives a subpoena requiring him to testify about a current therapy client at a trial. Dr. Mayhem contacts the client who states that she does not want him to release any confidential information to the court. Dr. Mayhem should:,notify the attorney who issued the subpoena that the client has asserted the privilege and request that he be released from subpoena.,do nothing further until he receives an order from the court to appear at the trial.,notify the court that he will not be appearing at the trial because the client does not want him to do so.,advise the attorney who issued the subpoena that he cannot appear as requested because the client has not given him permission to do so.,A
A psychologist working in an elementary school setting asked to evaluate the effectiveness of a new school program that has served 200 to 300 children per year for the past 5 years. Appropriate pre- and postintervention measures are available for each child. The psychologist should choose the dependent variables for the evaluation by,averaging the scores from the tests to increase the reliability and therefore the validity of the measures,choosing from among the tests by selecting the test with the highest reliability,"asking the school principal to provide guidance on the selection of criteria, because the principal will have continuing responsibility for the results","using professional judgment to select from among the tests or combinations of tests, depending upon the goals of the program",D
Non- Parametric Tests are used when a study involves nominal or ordinal data or when assumptions of a parametric test are severely violated. When are the CHI-SQUARE TESTS used?,used if research includes nominal (categorical) data,used for rank-ordered data with 2 IVs,when 2 correlated groups are being compared using rank-ordered data,used for an analysis of variance for rank-ordered data,A
A small bit of meat powder in the dog’s mouth was Pavlov’s ___________.,US,CS,UR,CR,A
The American health care system is primarily dominated by which network?,The public sector,The private sector,The VA system,"None, all are equally important",B
Which of the following is the primary ethical principle guiding the conduct of the practitioner's professional life,Duty to the client,Confidentiality,Duty to the profession,Legal defensibility,A
The classic triad of symptoms in Parkinson’s disease is:,"Tremor, executive dysfunction, and rigidity","Tremor, rigidity, and gait imbalance","Tremor, gait imbalance, and paresis","Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia",D
The research indicates that which of the following therapist factors has the greatest impact on therapy progress?,amount of personal therapy,self-esteem,emotional detachment,empathy,D
"According to Moscovici (1985), group members espousing the minority position are most likely to change the opinion of the majority when:","""members supporting the minority position have accumulated “idiosyncrasy credits.""""""",members supporting the minority position are consistent in expressing their opinion without appearing dogmatic.,the number of people representing the minority is only slightly less than the number of people representing the majority.,the minority leader is viewed by members of the majority as having legitimate power.,B
"A person who is low in self-monitoring (Snyder, 1987) will rely on which of the following when deciding how to act in a particular social situation?",his/her life scripts.,"his/her own feelings, attitudes, and beliefs.",the emotional reactions and behaviors of the people he/she is interacting with.,internal working models that were acquired during infancy and early childhood.,B
"When one uses a time-series design to evaluate a program, fluctuation in the outcome slope can be accounted for by various alternative hypotheses. According to Campbell and Stanley, the most probable alternative is that",a simultaneous event produced the fluctuation,"participants dropped out of the group, reducing the size of the sample",aging effects were unduly influential,test—retest reliability is inadequate,A
"There are specific research designs and strategies used to gain the desired information. From your knowledge about the research designs and strategies, how does the CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH work?",investigators randomly assigns subjects to different groups and they receive different levels of a manipulated variable,involves the use of intact groups,does not have any internal validity; can’t infer causal relationship,assessing variables as a function of time,C
"According to Harry Stack Sullivan, which of the following cognitive experiences characterizes schizophrenic behavior:",Parataxic Mode: private symbols and causal connections,Parataxic Distortion Mode: dealing w/ other like they’re from early life,"Prototaxic Mode: discrete, unconnected states, before language",Basic anxiety: feeling of helplessness/isolation in a hostile world,C
"The research indicates that, when Total Quality Management (TQM) fails to live up to its potential, this is most often because:",the team leader lacks adequate leadership skills.,there was too much reliance on team (versus individual) effort.,employees were not sufficiently involved in decision-making.,pay and other benefits were not adequately linked to team performance.,C
Tonotopic processing of auditory stimuli occurs at which site:,Striate cortex,Heschel’s convolutions,Calcarine sulcus,Pre-central gyrus,B
"A person who has difficulty performing a purposeful skilled movement, such as opening a door with a key, despite having intact motor and sensory functioning, most likely has which of the following disorders:",Transcortical motor aphasia,Apraxia,Pure alexia,Agraphia,B
One of the most frequent findings of studies on human beings with “split brains” is that,The right hemisphere is predominantly concerned with verbal information,certain kinds of visuospatial tasks are performed beer by the right hemisphere than by the left,the right hemisphere provides backup for the left in some tasks but excels the left in none,"aside from the long-known localization of speech functions, the two hemispheres appear to be essentially equivalent as information processors",B
The risk of withdrawal delirium is greatest following discontinuation of which of the following substances,Cocaine,LSD,Phenobarbital,Heroin,C
"In organizations, the level of affective commitment is likely to be least predictive of which of the following?",job satisfaction,productivity,job motivation,turnover,B
___________ has implications for internal validity and ___________ has implications for external validity.,"Causality, generalizability","Random assignment, random selection","Random selection, random assignment","Temporal precedence, nonspuriousness",B
Form A of a standardized personality test was given in the fall and again in the spring co the same group of people. The reliability estimate that resulted from this research is referred to as,external consistency,equivalence,stability,internal consistency,C
The term “privilege” is best described as:,a general term referring to the right to privacy.,an ethical term referring to an obligation not to reveal conﬁdential information.,the legal equivalent of the ethical concept of confidentiality.,a legal term referring to the protection of conﬁdential information in legal proceedings.,D
You receive a letter from the Ethics Committee asking for information about a former client who has filed a complaint against her current therapist. You stopped seeing the client over seven years ago you should:,cooperate with the Committee's request by sending it a copy of the client’s file.,cooperate with the Committee's request by sending it the information you believe to be relevant to the case.,cooperate with the Committee's request by sending it the information you believe to be relevant to the case after confirming that the client has signed a release.,inform the Committee that the information you have about the client is obsolete and that you're ethically obligated not to release it.,C
"In terms of age, Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development corresponds to Freud’s phallic stage.",industry vs. inferiority,autonomy vs. shame and doubt,basic trust vs. mistrust,initiative vs. guilt.,D
"Dr. Pavel Petrovich, a licensed psychologist, has been seeing a client in therapy for over fourteen months with no apparent change in the client's symptoms. Dr. Petrovich should:",advise the client that he is ethically obligated to terminate therapy.,raise for discussion the possibility of termination and referral to another therapist.,search the literature for discussions of similar cases that have been treated and reported by others.,continue seeing the client since fourteen months is not an unusually long time for therapy to continue without a significant change in symptoms.,B
"According to Freud's notion of______, dreams and slips of the tongue are meaningful goal-directed phenomena.",psychic dynamogenesis,reciprocal determinism,psychic determinism,ptyalism,C
"Research comparing heterogeneous and homogeneous work groups has found that, in general, heterogeneous groups:",are more creative and better at decision-making.,are more creative but less productive overall.,make better decisions but are less productive overall.,are more creative but worse at decision-making.,A
"A psychologist emphasizes that parents should use appropriate consequences when dealing with their children’s misbehavior. In addition, the psychologist explains that the goal of misbehavior can be to confirm an assumed disability, or to get attention, power, or revenge. Which of the following theoretical orientations is being used",Rogerian,Transactional analysis,Adlerian,Psychodynamic,C
"There are specific research designs and strategies used to gain the desired information. From your knowledge about the research designs and strategies, in which case is the MULTIPLE BASELINE DESIGN used?",when reversal is not possible,when assignment is not possible,when selection is not possible,when there are not enough data available,A
"To incorporate the value of personalismo into therapy, a therapist will:",integrate members of the extended family into the intervention.,maintain a neutral attitude even when family members are discussing unpleasant topics.,display genuine interest in the client by asking about his/her family and work or school.,establish credibility early in therapy by demonstrating knowledge of indigenous healing practices.,C
The mother of a previous client of yours asks for a copy of her daughter's records. The daughter saw you for two years and died three months ago when she was 38 years old. You should:,send the mother a copy of the records as requested.,send the mother only the information you believe will not be harmful.,allow the mother to inspect the records in your office.,not release any information to the mother without appropriate authorization.,D
"According to Fiedler’s contingency model of leadership, high LPC leaders:",are always more effective than low LPC leaders.,are more effective than low LPC leaders in moderately favorable situations.,elicit less trust from supervisees than do low LPC leaders.,elicit less intrinsic motivation from supervisees than do low LPC leaders.,B
Which of the following is true about the use of deception in a research study that may cause participants pain?,Deception is acceptable in studies that may cause pain only when the use of pain is justified by the study’s potential value.,Deception is acceptable in studies that may cause pain only when there are no alternative methods for conducting the study.,Deception is prohibited when the pain is physical but not when it is psychological in nature.,Deception is prohibited whether the pain is physical or psychological in nature.,D
"At birth, the least developed part of the brain is the",visual system,cortex,brain stem,cerebellum,B
The relationship of preadolescent siblings is best described as:,distant/aloof.,conflictual/hostile.,competitive and cooperative.,close and conflictual.,D
Assessment centers are most commonly used to:,hire and promote clerical workers.,hire and promote managers.,train semi-skilled and skilled workers.,train salespeople.,B
Which of the following assessment measures is not used to assess symptom validity or malingering?,Test of Memory Malingering,The Differential Aptitude Test–5,Recognition Memory Test,Personality Assessment Inventory,B
"Of the following, the best way to increase the amount of helping behavior within a community is to",decrease the anonymity of individuals in the community,initiate programs to raise the self-esteem of community members,diffuse the responsibility among all members of the community,increase the number of individuals in the community,A
Berscheid’s (1983) emotion-in-relationship model proposes that strong positive emotions are LESS likely to be elicited during the later stages of an intimate relationship than in its initial stages because:,"in the later stages, each person is more self-centered and less other-centered.","in the later stages, each partner's behavior has become more predictable.","in the later stages, each partner works harder to be sensitive to the other’s needs.","""over time, people become """"emotionally immune"""" to the behaviors of others.""",B
A score of 50 on the Beck Depression Inventory-II suggests:,no or minimal depression.,mild depression.,moderate depression.,severe depression.,D
"In most situations, the “holder of the privilege” is:",the therapist.,the client.,the therapist and client jointly.,the court.,B
Studies into the etiology of Schizophrenia indicated a genetic predisposition to the condition but other factors are involved. From your knowledge of the subject identify which of the following statements is incorrect.,Excess dopamine or sensitivity to dopamine could be a contributory factor.,White patients are more symptomatic.,Remission from the condition in the Third World is 65%.,A lower rate of Schizophrenia diagnosed among Africa Americans.,D
"An employee of large manufacturing firm finds the work dull, and pursues the job only for the money. The employee performs minimally, and is not motivated so produce highest quantity or better quality. According to F. Herzberg's two-factor theory, the best way 10 increase this worker's self-motivation would be to",offer a raise and incentive pay for greater productivity,redesign the job to provide a challenge and a sense of accomplishment,increase opportunities for informed social interaction,provide the employee with a job tide carrying greater prestige,B
Which of the following best describes ethical guidelines regarding sexual intimacies with former therapy clients?,Psychologists are prohibited from having sexual intimacies with former therapy clients under any circumstances.,Psychologists are prohibited from having sexual intimacies with former therapy clients for at least one year following the termination of therapy.,"Psychologists are prohibited from having sexual intimacies with former therapy clients in certain circumstances (e.g., when there is a risk of exploitation).",Psychologists are not prohibited from having sexual intimacies with former therapy clients.,C
Research on second-language acquisition has shown which of the following about children who acquire a second language,Their cognitive development is delayed,They have better articulation than children who are not bilingual,Their native language proficiency has no effect on the rate of acquiring the second language,They have increased cognitive flexibility,D
"In cognitive dissonance theory, individuals will change their ___________ to match their ___________.",Behavior; belief,Cognition; emotion,Belief; motivation,Belief; behavior,D
The Self-Concept is the individual’s belief about their own attributes. What can happen according to the OVERJUSTIFICATION HYPOTHESIS?,rewarding people for an enjoyable activity can undermine their interest,"to experience an emotion, a person must first experience physiological arousal, then a cognitive interpretation of that arousal","when internal cues are vague, people infer by observing their behavior and the situational context",not rewarding people for an enjoyable activity can undermine their interest,A
What is pertinent in the effort to promote and enhance health?,Encouraging healthy behavior and educating the public on problems in society,"Job satisfaction, building resilience, building self-esteem and social skills, addressing risk factors, and encouraging healthy behavior","Implementing advocacy groups for health, only targeting problem groups, and encouraging healthy eating",Advocating and educating the public on obesity,B
Which of the following statements best paraphrases Thorndike’s Law of Effect,All behavior is caused: everything that is done has an effect on behavior,Elimination of the unconditioned stimulus or the reward results in a decreased frequency of behavior,A positive correlation exists between responding and aversive stimulation,A reward tends to increase the probability of recurrence of the response that it follows,D
Providing education and job training to adolescents and young adults who have recently been released from a drug treatment program is an example of:,primary prevention.,secondary prevention.,tertiary prevention.,social intervention.,C
"According to Howard et al.’s (1996) phase model, which of the following is most likely to be affected during the first few sessions of psychotherapy?",coping skills,severity of symptoms,insight,feelings of hopelessness,D
Research on explicit (intentional) and implicit (automatic) memory indicates that,"both forms of memory show a fairly consistent, gradual decline over the adult life span","implicit memory capacity declines with age, but explicit memory capacity remains stable","explicit memory capacity declines with age, but implicit memory capacity remains stable","both forms of memory remain stable, except when affected by a disease process like Alzheimer’s",C
"When basic survival needs have been met, money as a motivator","changes to a maintenance factor, increasing as a motivator",becomes a symbol for the motivator of power,changes from an equity factor to a control factor,"plays a less predictable, more complex role",D
Research on Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model suggests that a White therapist will usually be most successful when working with a client from an ethnic/racial minority group when the therapist is in which stage?,reintegration,immersion-emersion,autonomy,integrative awareness,C
Heteroscedasticity in a scattergram suggests that:,the relationship between the predictor and criterion cannot be described by a straight line.,there is a restriction of range of scores on the predictor and/or the criterion.,the variability (range) of scores on the criterion varies for different scores on the predictor.,there is a statistically significant correlation between the predictor and criterion.,C
"In general, it can be said that job satisfaction",is not highly correlated with job performance,seems to increase considerably with an increase in wages,is higher in groups that do not have to assume responsibility,tends to decrease steadily as tenure on a job increases,A
"""To """"inoculate"""" someone against a persuasive message. you would:""",warn the person that she is about to hear a message designed to change her beliefs.,provide the person with information that supports her current beliefs.,provide the person with strong arguments against her beliefs.,provide the person with arguments against her beliefs and weak refutations of those arguments.,D
A community bank consists of four branch offices with approximately 60 employees each. The general management would like to institute 2 health risk-reduction program by encouraging weight loss and smoking cessation among the employees. Which of the following programs would be most effective,Employee reimbursement for costs and fees associated with professional help for weight loss and smoking cessation,"Development of, and participation in, local community group sessions focusing on weight loss and smoking cessation",A competition among the four branches focusing on stepwise reductions in weight and smoking,Distribution of health information and self-help materials related to weight loss and smoking cessation,A
"Of the following, the best predictor of a child’s post-divorce adjustment during the 2 years following divorce is the",withdrawal of the more disturbed parent,degree of continued conflict between the parents after the divorce,residence of the child with the preferred parent,degree of hostility during the divorce process,B
"Dr. Bertha Black's advertisement for her seminar on relaxation techniques invites the public to “come hear an in-depth lecture on techniques to help reduce the stress of daily living.” The advertised cost for her four-hour seminar is $50. While preparing her lecture the night before the presentation, Dr. Black decides it would be valuable to demonstrate some of her techniques with the group. She decides that, instead of lecturing for the full four hours, she will have attendees divide into groups for the last two hours to experiment with the techniques. According to ethical standards, this is:",ethical if she allows participants to leave after the lecture portion of the seminar.,ethical if the demonstration is well executed and educational.,unethical since she advertised the seminar as a “lecture.”,unethical because she plans to spend some of the time lecturing when the most beneficial part will probably be the experiential portion,C
Which of the following statements best describes a researcher’s obligations regarding the use of animals in psychological research?,Animals should never be used in research when alternative procedures are available.,Animals should never be used in research if a research procedure will cause them pain or stress.,Inflicting pain or stress on animals is acceptable in research only when an alternative (nonpainful) procedure is unavailable and the use of the procedure is justified by the potential value of the study.,Inflicting pain or stress on animals is acceptable in research as long as it is minimized and the animal’s life is terminated as soon as is feasible.,C
Object relations therapy is similar to Freudian psychodynamic therapy in its primary focus on,issues of attachment and separation,the neutral role of the therapist,early childhood experiences,"the ego, id, and superego",C
Family therapy is probably contraindicated in which of the following situations?,The presenting problem involves long-term marital conflict.,Family members attribute their problems to one of the members.,One of the family members has severe depression.,One of the family members has anorexia or bulimia.,C
Behavioral treatments for depression typically include:,Flooding,Increasing pleasurable activities,Social Skills training,Exposure and Response Prevention,B
"The idea that individuals may have different possible developmental trajectories, given the timing of an environmental experience or lack thereof, is the concept of ___________.",Nature with nurture,Sensitive or critical periods,Discontinuity,Risk and resilience,B
"CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING refers to establishing a formal, written contract that specifies target behaviors and the reinforcers and contractors. Which element out of the following ones is not one of an effective contract?",informative about treatment strategies and expected outcomes,behaviors are capable of being monitored,elicits participation form client,only minimum participation from client is required,D
"""Samuel S., age 43, says, """"Even though I've just been given a bonus at work, I feel like I’m about to be fired.” As defined by Aaron Beck, Samuel is exhibiting which of the following cognitive distortions?""",mustabatory thinking,polarized thinking,personalization,arbitrary inference,D
The highest levels of learning and performance are usually associated with:,low levels of arousal.,moderate levels of arousal.,high levels of arousal.,variability in levels of arousal.,B
Attempting to teach a new behavior through the use of aversive techniques is difficult because of which of the following,Emotional reactivity is often increased,Punishment merely suppresses unwanted behavior,The frequency of behavior is often low,Inhibition co conditioning is encountered,A
A key accomplishment of Piaget's preoperational stage is the emergence of:,conservation.,the object concept.,formal operations.,the symbolic function.,D
One of the key features for making a differential diagnosis between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa is:,Purging,Maintaining a normal body weight,Bingeing,All of the above,B
A problem with relying on the representativeness heuristic when making a judgment about the characteristics of another person is that doing so:,causes over-reliance on statistical data.,doesn't take base rate data into account.,overestimates the degree to which dispositional factors affect behavior.,doesn't take into account the limitations of working memory.,B
Which of the following factors appears to have the strongest influence on learning in people with antisocial personalities,Social ostracism,Money,Tranquilizers,Physical punishment,B
Ethical behavior in the practice of individual psychologists is regulated by,the discretion of individual therapists,national laws,professional codes and state and provincial laws,accrediting agencies,C
Which of the following possible outcomes of an experiment is least informative,Statistical nonsignificance under low power,Statistical significance under low power,Statistical nonsignificance under high power,Statistical significance under high power,A
Donald Super’s _____________ graphically depicts the correspondence between an individual’s life roles and life stages.,life career rainbow,life staircase,mandala,octagon,A
Ethnic identity refers to,cultural practices and beliefs char are non-Western in orientation and perspective,"the collective cultural practices, traditions, and orientations of ethnic minority communities","a rejection of Caucasian social, cultural, and institutional standards",the extent to which an individual endorses and practices the ethnocultural traditions of a given group,D
"Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model proposes that people in which of the following stages begin to question their rejection of all aspects of the dominant culture and absolute loyalty to their own culture?",encounter,dissonance,integrative awareness,introspection,D
"Therapists considering working with elderly persons should especially keep in mind that, on most variables, the elderly",seldom make good candidates for psychotherapy,have very few issues that can be addressed meaningfully in psychotherapy,usually have great difficulty leaning and remembering things,show greater within-age-group differences than younger persons,D
"Dr. Vic Vasquez, a licensed psychologist, provides secretarial services and office space to Dr. Bernice Banquist in exchange for 20% of the fee that Dr. Banquist collects from her therapy clients. When Dr. Vasquez finds that he does not have time to see all of the clients who want to begin therapy with him, he begins referring some of them to Dr. Banquist and charges her 30% of the fee that Dr. Banquist collects from these referred clients. Acording to the ethics codes published by the American and Canadian Psychological Associations, charging more for referred clients is:","""unethical because it violates the prohibition against “fee splitting.""""""",unethical because it creates an unacceptable multiple relationship.,ethical only if the higher fee for referred clients reﬂects the actual costs associated with the referrals.,"""ethical because referral fees are prohibited only when they are """"clearly exploitative.”""",C
"Erich Fromm states that the society prevents you from realizing true nature to be loving, creative, and productive. Which of the responses to societal demands allow a person to realize that?","The receptive definitely allows a person to realize its true nature, to loving, creative, productive","The hoarding allows a person to realize its true nature, to be loving, creative, productive","The marketing surely allows a person to realize its true nature, to be loving, creative, productive","The productive allows a person to realize its true nature, to be loving, creative, etc.",D
Vicarious liability is most likely to be an issue when a psychologist is acting in which of the following capacities?,faculty member,supervisor,mentor,therapist,B
Autocorrelation is most likely to be a problem when using which of the following research designs?,time-series,factorial,between groups,Solomon four-group,A
"When a communicator is mildly to moderately credible, attitude change is greatest when the level of discrepancy between the initial positions of the communicator and the recipient of the communication is:",small.,moderate.,large.,unpredictable.,B
The Wonderlic Personnel Test is a:,measure of psychomotor skills.,measure of clerical skills.,brief measure of cognitive ability.,brief interest inventory.,C
"You have been hired as a research assistant for a study that will compare two brief treatments for Social Phobia. The procedures and methods used in the study are ethically sound; however, your supervisor is not informing participants that they may withdraw from the study at any time if they desire to do so. Your best course of action would be to:",quit your job.,inform the participants yourself of their right to withdraw.,discuss the possible ethical violation with the supervisor.,do nothing since this is an acceptable practice.,C
"In an approach-approach conflict, a discernible move in a given direction should",resolve the conflict in thar direction,result in prolonged oscillation,reduce the attractiveness of the outcome approached,lead to a return in the opposite direction,A
"A female psychologist provides a 2-month course of brief behavior therapy for a driving phobia to a male client. Six months after termination they meet at an art opening reception and begin to date. Over the next few months, the relationship progresses and they become sexual. In this situation, the psychologist has acted:",Ethically because it had been 6 months since termination,Probably ethically since there was no coercion involved and the relationship was consensual,"Unethically, because she engaged in a sexual relationship with a former client, which is prohibited under any circumstances","Ethically according to professional standards, but the psychologist exhibited poor professional judgment",C
All of the following brain regions are considered part of the limbic system except ___________.,Mammillary bodies,Septal nuclei,Fornix,Hippocampus,C
"In a cross-sectional study designed to assess the effects of age on reaction time, you have adults belonging to different age groups respond to visual stimuli on a computer screen. A colleague suggests that the results of your study might be confounded by the fact that older participants may have less experience using a computer than do younger participants. This potential source of error is best described as a:",Rosenthal effect.,Hawthorne effect.,carryover effect.,cohort effect.,D
"In counseling and psychotherapy, the trend since 1980 has been toward",more behaviorism,dominance of the analytic models,increasing evidence that the theoretical position of the therapist determines effectiveness,greater acceptance of eclecticism,D
"You are asked by an attorney to evaluate the woman he is representing in a custody case and then testify on her behalf in court. As an ethical psychologist, you should:",evaluate her only if you can conduct a thorough assessment of the woman.,evaluate her if you can conduct a thorough assessment and then recommend that she be granted custody only if the results indicate that she‘s a good parent.,evaluate her and testify about the results but do not make a speciﬁc recommendation about custody without evaluating the husband and children,refuse to make a recommendation about which parent should be granted child custody under any circumstances.,C
"A psychologist is the supervisor of several interns at a community hospital in a small town and notices that one of the interns seems unenthusiastic and depressed. When he talks to her, she tells him that she’s been very unhappy lately and feels she has no one to turn to. The intern asks the psychologist to see her in therapy, and he agrees to do so. The psychologist has acted:",unethically by agreeing to get involved in a dual relationship.,unethically by violating the intern''s right to privacy.,ethically because they are working in a community hospital in a small town.,ethically because the intern is in desperate need of help.,A
A correct statement about the early babbling of infants from different language communities is chat it,contains the full range of phonemes that comprise al languages,is different for each language community from the onset of babbling,is the same for each language community until the first words are spoken,depends upon the phonetic structure of the language,A
Child abuse and neglect are most associated with which of the following attachment patterns?,disorganized/disoriented,distant/disengaged.,insecure/avoidant.,insecure/ambivalent,A
"In the context of research design, external validity refers to the researcher’s ability to:",manipulate the independent variable.,randomly assign participants to treatment groups.,determine whether there is a causal relationship between variables.,"generalize the results of the study to other individuals, settings, and conditions.",D
Which is NOT a criticism of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?,Piaget may have underestimated young children’s competence and overestimated adolescents’ cognitive abilities,Piaget placed too much emphasis on the role of culture and social interactions in children’s cognitive development,Cognitive development is more gradual and continuous rather than abrupt and stagelike as Piaget thought,Children actually have certain cognitive capabilities at particular ages that Piaget did not observe because he designed experiments that were too difficult,B
"According to attribution theorists, an error observers make in formulating causal attributions about the behavior of others is",overattributing to situations,underattributing to persons,underattributing to situations,overattributing to person-situation interactions,C
Individuals who profit most from crisis group intervention are those who,have gone from one life crisis to another,have obtained secondary gratification from normal life stresses,are particularly in touch with social reality,have experienced acute onset of significant symptoms,D
"From a Jungian standpoint, which of the following phenomena is taking place when contents of either the personal or collective unconscious are projected onto the analyst",Transference,Anima-animus conflict,Fantasy,Exchange of symbols,A
"Expectancy theory predicts that worker motivation depends on several factors including “valence,” which refers to:",the employee’s beliefs about the value of rewards provided for successful performance.,the employee’s beliefs about the inherent (intrinsic) value of the work itself.,the strength of the worker's motivation and organizational commitment.,the strength of the effort (versus ability) component of the worker’s motivation.,A
Sampling error refers to the,consequences of generalizing from a sample thar is too small,tendency of sample statistics to differ from population parameters,consequences of generalizing from a sample to a population,tendency of some sample statistics to differ systematically from the corresponding population parameters,B
"For most children, stranger anxiety begins at about _____ months of age.",2 to 3,4 to 6,8 to 10,12 to 14,C
The body’s stress response system:,"Is vulnerable to influence during childhood, but not before birth",Cannot be affected by outside influences,Can mainly be regulated through prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),Can impact genetic predispositions to developmental disorders,D
"There are several methods for estimating the test reliability, like the INTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY for example. From your knowledge about this topic, find the correct definition of it.",administer 2 equivalent forms of a test to same people and correlate,administer test twice to same people and then correlate scores,correlations among individual test items,they are not used for an unstable trait,C
"In client-centered case consultation, the consultant's primary goal is to:",help the consultee determine how to work more effectively with a particular client.,help the consultee identify methods for evaluating his/her own professional services.,help a consultee enhance his/her skills and knowledge so that the consultee functions more effectively in the future.,work collaboratively with the consultee in delivering the optimal intervention to a client.,A
Physiologically based drives such as rage and fear reactions are regulated by the,basal ganglia,hypothalamus,reticular formation,thalamus,B